Abstract:
:1. The modulation of reflex responses in up to 10 simultaneously recorded hindlimb muscles was studied in unrestrained cats walking on a treadmill. Single electrical shocks of various strengths were applied to different skin areas of teh hindlimb at different times of the step cycle while the resulting EMG responses were sampled and analyzed. 2. Two excitatory response peaks (P1 and P2) at a latency of about 10 and 25 ms, respectively, were seen in all flexors examined (sartorius, semitendinosus, tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus). Stimulation of most skin areas was effective but responses were most easily obtained from stimuli applied to the foot or ankle. During the step cycle there was a marked modulation of the amplitudes of the responses, especially the P2 responses, which grew larger toward the end of stance when a maximum was reached, followed by a steady decline throughout swing. This pattern was very similar for various flexors, although these muscles differed considerably in their normal EMG activity pattern during walking. 3. Flexor responses were absent when the same stimuli were applied during the early stance phase. Instead, inhibition of the ongoing EMG activity was seen at a latency of 10 ms or less in all extensors examined (semimembranosus, quadriceps, soleus, gastrocnemius medialis, flexor digitorum longus). The inhibition was followed by a late excitatory peak (P3) at about 35-ms latency in all extensors except soleus. 4. Certain stimulation sites yielded exceptions to the above patterns. Stimulation of the skin area innervated by the sural nerve yielded larger and earlier MG excitatory responses as compared to stimulation of other skin areas. Activation of the plantar surface of the foot often failed to elicit P2 responses in the hip flexor sartorius, which showed inhibition instead. 5. In the hindlimb contralateral to the stimulus, excitatory responses occurred both in flexors and extensors at a latency of 20-25 ms. The pattern of modulation of these responses was similar to the ipsilateral modulation of P2 flexor and P3 extensor responses. Soleus failed to show a crossed response. 6. The data indicate that flexor and extensor responses differ both with respect to their latency and to their correlation with the ongoing EMG reactivity. It is concluded that these stimuli do not demonstrate reflex reversal in the strict sense in the normal walking cat but that there is modulation of transmission in a flexor excitatory and extensor inhibitory pathway, possibly by the flexor part of the spinal locomotor oscillator. In addition, there are some specialized flexor inhibitory and extensor excitatory pathways. The slow soleus muscle does not seem to be excited through these pathways.
journal_name
J Neurophysioljournal_title
Journal of neurophysiologyauthors
Duysens J,Loeb GEdoi
10.1152/jn.1980.44.5.1024subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1980-11-01 00:00:00pages
1024-37issue
5eissn
0022-3077issn
1522-1598journal_volume
44pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Animal studies have suggested that tissue injury-related increased levels of glutamate may be involved in peripheral nociceptive mechanisms in deep craniofacial tissues. Indeed, injection of glutamate (0.1-1 M, 10 microl) into the temporomandibular region evokes reflex jaw muscle responses through activation of periph...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.2001.86.2.782
更新日期:2001-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::It has been suggested that the motor system may circumvent the difficulty of controlling many degrees of freedom in the musculoskeletal apparatus by generating motor outputs through a combination of discrete muscle synergies. How a discretely organized motor system compensates for diverse perturbations has remained el...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.01387.2007
更新日期:2009-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. Voltage-dependent K+ currents were studied in normal rat anterior pituitary cells using the patch-clamp technique. To obtain cultures enriched for lactotrophs, density gradient centrifugation was performed on pituitary cells isolated from lactating rats. 2. Depolarizations to about -30 mV from a holding potential o...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1994.72.2.719
更新日期:1994-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Low-voltage-activated Ca(2+) currents (LVA-I(Ca)) are believed to perform several roles in neurons such as lowering the threshold for action potentials, promoting burst firing and oscillatory behavior, and enhancing synaptic excitation. They also may allow rapid increases in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration. We disc...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.2000.83.2.746
更新日期:2000-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::An imbalance between the strengths of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs has been proposed as the cellular basis of autism and related neurodevelopmental disorders. Previous studies examining spontaneous levels of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission in the forebrain regions of methyl-CpG-binding protein...
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abstract::Nicotine evokes pain in the skin and oral mucosa and excites a subpopulation of cutaneous nociceptors, but little is known about the central transmission of chemogenic pain. We have investigated the responses of lumbar spinal wide dynamic range (WDR)-type dorsal horn neurons to intracutaneous (ic) microinjection of ni...
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pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:1999-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Adaptation to novel dynamics requires learning a motor memory, or a new pattern of predictive feedforward motor commands. Recently, we demonstrated the upregulation of rapid visuomotor feedback gains early in curl force field learning, which decrease once a predictive motor memory is learned. However, even after learn...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00748.2016
更新日期:2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The holoplanktonic pteropod mollusk Clione limacina exhibits an active escape behavior that is characterized by fast swimming away from the source of potentially harmful stimuli. The initial phase of escape behavior is a startle response that is controlled by pedal motoneurons whose activity is independent of the norm...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1997.77.1.281
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:1978-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:1997-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. The electrical responses of nociceptive (N) lateral and N medial neurons of the leech segmental ganglion to mechanical, chemical, and thermal stimulation of the skin were studied in a superfused ganglion-body wall preparation. 2. Mechanical indentation of the skin > 10 mN evoked in both types of cells a sustained d...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1996.75.6.2268
更新日期:1996-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00698.2001
更新日期:2002-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1994.71.3.1272
更新日期:1994-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Families of peptide neuromodulators are believed to play important roles in neural networks that control behaviors. Here, we investigate the expression and role of one such group of modulators, the myomodulins, in the feeding system of Lymnaea stagnalis. Using a combination of in situ hybridization and antibody staini...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1998.79.5.2460
更新日期:1998-05-01 00:00:00
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pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2019-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00507.2010
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00197.2015
更新日期:2015-06-01 00:00:00
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pub_type: 杂志文章
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pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:1989-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1999.82.6.3168
更新日期:1999-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00362.2012
更新日期:2012-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00809.2012
更新日期:2013-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1997.78.2.872
更新日期:1997-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:1998-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:1990-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.1992.68.2.496
更新日期:1992-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Low-intensity alternating electric fields applied to the scalp are capable of modulating cortical activity and brain functions, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we report two distinct components of voltage-sensitive dye signals induced by low-intensity, alternating electric fields in rodent ...
journal_title:Journal of neurophysiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1152/jn.00740.2013
更新日期:2014-11-15 00:00:00