Abstract：
BACKGROUND:Heart failure (HF) imposes both direct costs to healthcare systems and indirect costs to society through morbidity, unpaid care costs, premature mortality and lost productivity. The global economic burden of HF is not known. METHODS:We estimated the overall cost of heart failure in 2012, in both direct and indirect terms, across the globe. Existing country-specific heart failure costs analyses were expressed as a proportion of gross domestic product and total healthcare spend. Using World Bank data, these proportional values were used to interpolate the economic cost of HF for countries of the world where no published data exists. Countries were categorized according to their level of economic development to investigate global patterns of spending. RESULTS:197 countries were included in the analysis, covering 98.7% of the world's population. The overall economic cost of HF in 2012 was estimated at $108 billion per annum. Direct costs accounted for ~60% ($65 billion) and indirect costs accounted for ~40% ($43 billion) of the overall spend. Heart failure spending varied widely between high-income and middle and low-income countries. High-income countries spend a greater proportion on direct costs: a pattern reversed for middle and low-income countries. CONCLUSIONS:Heart failure imposes a huge economic burden, estimated at $108 billion per annum. With an aging, rapidly expanding and industrializing global population this value will continue to rise.
journal_name
Int J Cardioljournal_title
International journal of cardiologyauthors
Cook C,Cole G,Asaria P,Jabbour R,Francis DPdoi
10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.12.028subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2014-02-15 00:00:00pages
368-76issue
3eissn
0167-5273issn
1874-1754pii
S0167-5273(13)02238-9journal_volume
171pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：BACKGROUND:The association between lipid levels and stroke rates is less than lipid levels and coronary heart disease (CHD). OBJECTIVE:To assess if there are geographic, racial, and ethnic differences in total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) a...
journal_title：International journal of cardiology
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journal_title：International journal of cardiology
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journal_title：International journal of cardiology
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journal_title：International journal of cardiology
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journal_title：International journal of cardiology
pub_type： 信件
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journal_title：International journal of cardiology
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journal_title：International journal of cardiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title：International journal of cardiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
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journal_title：International journal of cardiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
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更新日期：2013-10-03 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of cardiology
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journal_title：International journal of cardiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
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journal_title：International journal of cardiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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pub_type： 社论
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pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2005-08-18 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of cardiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
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journal_title：International journal of cardiology
pub_type： 信件
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更新日期：2007-06-12 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of cardiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
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journal_title：International journal of cardiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2004-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：International journal of cardiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.12.019
更新日期：2019-03-01 00:00:00
