Abstract:
:Hospital- and community-based studies were conducted in central Sudan to investigate the association between pesticide exposure and perinatal mortality. The cases were 197 stillbirths in the hospital and 36 perinatal deaths in the community; the controls were 812 liveborn, normal-birth-weight infants in the hospital, and 1505 liveborn infants who survived for the first 7 days after birth in the community. The odds ratio (OR) of perinatal death associated with pesticide exposure was estimated using multiple logistic regression. There was a consistent and significant association between pesticide exposure and perinatal mortality in the hospital (adjusted OR = 1.9; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3-2.8) and the community populations (adjusted OR = 2.7; 95% CI: 1.1-6.4). The OR was significantly higher among women engaged in farming (3.6; 95% CI: 1.6-8.0), but not among women in nonfarming occupations (1.6; 95% CI: 0.8-3.3). The estimated attributable risks of perinatal death owing to pesticide exposure were 22.6% for hospital stillbirths and 15.7% for community perinatal deaths; but among women engaged in farming in the hospital population the attributable risks were substantially higher (34.5%). :Between March 1989 and June 1990, hospital and community based studies compared perinatal deaths with liveborn, normal birth weight infants who survived the neonatal period to examine the association between perinatal mortality and exposure to agricultural pesticides in the largest and oldest agricultural project in the Sudan--the Gezira Scheme. The main referral hospitals were in Wad Medani and Sennar. Data were gathered on all midwife assisted births at the 6 health centers between these 2 cities in central Sudan. The hospital, case control study included 197 perinatal deaths and 812 liveborn controls. The community based case control study included 36 perinatal deaths and 1505 liveborn controls. The researchers adjusted for any potential cofounders. Exposure to any pesticide spraying significantly increased the risk of stillbirth in the hospital population and of perinatal death in the community population (odds ratios [ORs] = 1.9 and 2.7 respectively). Pesticide spraying most significantly affected perinatal deaths in women engaged in farming (OR of fetal death = 3.6). The OR for nonfarmers indicated increased risk of perinatal death, but it was not significant (1.6). Pesticide exposure accounted for 15.7% of community perinatal deaths and 22.6% of hospital stillbirths. It attributed more greatly to perinatal deaths of women farmers than it did to women nonfarmers (34.5 vs. 10.7%). The association between exposure to pesticides and the occurrence of perinatal deaths was consistent in both the hospital and community studies as well as with findings of studies from India and Colombia. This association and the high attributable risks suggest that pesticide exposure causes perinatal mortality. These findings indicate the needs for pregnant women to be protected from exposure to pesticides and for awareness about safer use of chemicals to be increased.
journal_name
Bull World Health Organjournal_title
Bulletin of the World Health Organizationauthors
Taha TE,Gray RHsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1993-01-01 00:00:00pages
317-21issue
3-4eissn
0042-9686issn
1564-0604journal_volume
71pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Reported is the use of a simplified methodology for carrying out a community-based epidemiological assessment that is compatible with the goals of primary health care research. For this purpose, a current-status life table analysis of data from 1131 women who were served by community health workers in the State of Méx...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) involves distributing resources, especially human resources for health (HRH), to match population needs. This paper explores the policy lessons on HRH from four countries that have achieved sustained improvements in UHC: Brazil, Ghana, Mexico and Thailand. Its purpose is to in...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.13.118729
更新日期:2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Risk communication guidelines widely used in public health are based on the psychometric paradigm of risk, which focuses on risk perception at the level of individuals. However, infectious disease outbreaks and other public health emergencies are more than public health events and occur in a highly charged political, ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/blt.08.058149
更新日期:2009-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Israel has faced the challenge presented by epidemic poliomyelitis by using different immunization strategies. In the 1950s, inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) helped to reduce the total burden of the disease, but cases continued to occur. Introduction of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) in mid-1961 had a dramatic effe...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The paper presents clinical observations on 1 233 persons with smallpox who were admitted to the Infectious Diseases Hospital, Calcutta, in 1973. The disease was of the modified type in 53 patients (4.3%), the ordinary type in 717 (58.2%), the flat type in 249 (20.2%), and the haemorrhagic type in 214 (17.3%). The fat...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1975-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine how much influenza contributes to severe acute respiratory illness (SARI), a leading cause of death in children, among people of all ages in Bangladesh. METHODS:Physicians obtained nasal and throat swabs to test for influenza virus from patients who were hospitalized within 7 days of the onset o...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.11.090209
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Certain performance characteristics of the insecticide-sprayer nozzle tip and its relationship to the pressure regulator are discussed.After analysing the effectiveness of residual spraying at various pressures, the author concludes that low-pressure application would best attain the pattern and rate of insecticide di...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1955-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Viruses of various biological types are known to cause a wide range of acute respiratory infections, ranging from mild colds and catarrh to severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Bacteria also cause respiratory diseases including serious conditions such as otitis media and pneumonia. The whole situation is complex and to...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1980-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This report from the Tuberculosis Chemotherapy Centre, Madras, summarizes the progress over a 5-year period of 193 patients with newly diagnosed, sputum-positive pulmonary tuberculosis who were admitted to a concurrent comparison of home and sanatorium treatment for one year with isoniazid plus PAS. Previous reports h...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:
更新日期:1966-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Delivery by a skilled birth attendant (SBA) serves as an indicator of progress towards reducing maternal mortality worldwide -- the fifth Millennium Development Goal. Though WHO tracks the proportion of women delivered by SBAs, we know little about their competence to manage common life-threatening obstetric ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/blt.06.038455
更新日期:2007-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Described is a computer software package, EPIZOO, which has been developed specifically for undergraduate and postgraduate education, self-training, problem-solving, and simulation studies in veterinary epidemiology. The program is based on action-oriented animal population health/disease analyses and programming. EPI...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::LATEX/IgM, a rapid agglutination test for the semi-quantitative detection of IgM in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with African trypanosomiasis, is described in this article. The lyophilized reagent has been designed for field use and remains stable at 45 degrees C for one year. The test has been evaluated on cerebro...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:Problem:If universal health coverage (UHC) is to be achieved globally, it needs sustained promotion and political awareness and support. Approach:During its presidency of the Group of Seven (G7) industrialized nations in 2016, Japan aimed to raise the issue of UHC to the top of the global health agenda. Local setting...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.17.200402
更新日期:2018-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::In 1963 the World Health Organization established a system for the collection and distribution of information on viruses. By 1973 laboratories in 45 countries were participating in this scheme. The present study is an analysis of the reports on adenovirus, influenza viruses A, B, and C, parainfluenza virus, respirator...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1974-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To perform a comprehensive assessment of maternal mortality in Argentina, the ultimate purpose being to strengthen the surveillance system and reorient reproductive health policies to prevent maternal deaths. METHODS:Our multicentre population-based study combining qualitative and quantitative methodologies ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.2471/blt.06.032334
更新日期:2007-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::A simple force-of-infection model for onchocerciasis has been developed for a study of the age-specific epidemiological trends during a period of vector control in the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in the Volta River basin area (OCP). The most important factors included in the model are the longevity of an infectio...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::An epidemic of poliomyelitis took place in British Guiana during the winter of 1962-63. A total of 485 paralytic cases occurred over a 10-week period, 90% in children under 5 years of age.The attack rate for the total population of more than half-a-million persons was 86.5 per 100 000. Type 1 poliovirus was isolated f...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1965-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is considerable exigency to take all necessary steps to cure tuberculosis cases and prevent further emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis. The most important of these steps is to ensure that the treatment, particularly of sputum smear-positive cases, is adequate and that patients adhere to their treatment by ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A possible method for genetic control of insect vector species involves the use of translocation heterozygotes. The potential of single and double heterozygotes already available in Aedes aegypti has been investigated with computer simulations of release strategies. Such simulations indicate a possible role for transl...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1971-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper is a report on the first (serological) phase of a study organized by WHO in collaboration with the WHO International Reference Centre for Respiratory Virus Diseases other than Influenza in Bethesda, Md., USA, to define the viral etiology of severe respiratory infections in children, particularly in tropical...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1967-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To examine temporal trends in caesarean delivery rates in southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, by country and wealth quintile. METHODS:Cross-sectional data were extracted from the results of 80 Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 26 countries in southern Asia or sub-Saharan Africa. Caesarean deliver...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.13.117598
更新日期:2013-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::For several years after the First World War calcium oxide was the main compound used in the control of Oncomelania nosophora in Japan. This was generally replaced in 1944 by calcium cyanamide; since 1952 the prefectural authorities in areas of endemic bilharziasis have increasingly turned to the use of sodium pentachl...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1961-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::At present there is no reliable test for use under field conditions for assessing cure in schistosomal infections. It had previously been found that in such infections the excretion of beta-glucuronidase in the urine is increased, but a test based on this fact would be impracticable in the field because of the need to...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1966-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The systematic position of the so-called "species" of Leishmania is examined and an attempt made to determine their phylogenetic relationships. The morphology of the organisms as seen by light- and electron-microscopy is described; neither method provides useful criteria for the determination of species. The behaviour...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1971-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine paediatric blood sample volume limits that are consistent with physiological "minimal risk." METHODS:A literature review was performed to search for evidence concerning the adverse effects of blood sampling in children and for guidelines on sampling volume in paediatric research. The search incl...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2471/BLT.10.080010
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cardiovascular diseases are often found to be associated with certain physicochemical characteristics of the environment-namely, the hardness of the water and the types of rock and soil underlying the area. Areas supplied with soft water usually have higher cardiovascular death rates than do areas supplied with hard w...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1972-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:PROBLEM:In 2010, dengue virus (DENV) serotype-4 was detected during a dengue outbreak in the Amazonian city of Boa Vista. At that time Brazil was already endemic for DENV-1, DENV-2 and DENV-3. This was the first time DENV-4 was observed in the country after it was initially detected and eliminated in 1981. APPROACH:To...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.13.119081
更新日期:2014-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Individual patient care and programme evaluation are pivotal for the success of antiretroviral treatment programmes in resource-limited countries. While computer-aided documentation and data storage are indispensable for any large programme, several important issues need to be addressed including which data are to be ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/blt.04.019307
更新日期:2006-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Literature on human resources for health in Africa has focused on personal health services. Little is known about graduate public health education. This paper maps "advanced" public health education in Africa. Public health includes all professionals needed to manage and optimize health systems and the public...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/blt.07.045526
更新日期:2007-12-01 00:00:00