Abstract：
OBJECTIVE:To test whether relations between economic development, economic inequality, and child and youth homicide rates are sex- and age-specific, and whether a country's wealth modifies the impact of economic inequality on homicide rates. METHODS:Outcome variables were homicide rates around 1994 in males and females in the age ranges 0-4, 5-9, 10-14, 15-19 and 20-24 years from 61 countries. Predictor variables were per capita gross domestic product (GDP), GINI coefficient, percentage change in per capita gross national product (GNP) and female economic activity as a percentage of male economic activity. Relations were analysed by ordinary least squares regression. FINDINGS:All predictors explained significant variances in homicide rates in those aged 15-24. Associations were stronger for males than females and weak for children aged 0-9. Models that included female economic inequality and percentage change in GNP increased the effect in children aged 0-9 and the explained variance in females aged 20-24. For children aged 0-4, country clustering by income increased the explained variance for both sexes. For males aged 15-24, the association with economic inequality was strong in countries with low incomes and weak in those with high incomes. CONCLUSION:Relations between economic factors and child and youth homicide rates varied with age and sex. Interventions to target economic factors would have the strongest impact on rates of homicide in young adults and late adolescent males. In societies with high economic inequality, redistributing wealth without increasing per capita GDP would reduce homicide rates less than redistributions linked with overall economic development.
journal_name
Bull World Health Organjournal_title
Bulletin of the World Health Organizationauthors
Butchart A,Engström Ksubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2002-01-01 00:00:00pages
797-805issue
10eissn
0042-9686issn
1564-0604pii
S0042-96862002001000008journal_volume
80pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Until about 10 years ago heparin was prepared from ox lungs and was regarded as a homogeneous polymer (of a sulfated mucopolysaccharide) with a relatively constant biological activity of about 100 IU/mg. The mucus and mucosa of the intestine of hog, sheep and ox have now become the main industrial source of bulk start...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1970-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Some time ago the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization asked the National Institute for Medical Research, London, to consult with the WHO International Blood Group Reference Laboratory concerning the establishment of an international standard for albumin-potentiated anti-Rh(o) (anti-D) blood-typing serum...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1967-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A trial of the CHAT, type 1, attenuated poliovirus strain of Koprowski was begun in August 1958 in Léopoldville, a city of 350 000 people, and possessing modern medical facilities, including an institute of public health.Paralytic poliomyelitis is endemic in the city; since 1951 there has been an average annual incide...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1960-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To develop a tool for evaluating the risk that an outbreak of meningitis will occur in a particular district of the Niger after outbreaks have been reported in other, specified districts of the country. METHODS:A Bayesian network was represented by a graph composed of 38 nodes (one for each district in the N...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.2471/BLT.11.086009
更新日期：2012-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Women's chances of survival during pregnancy and childbirth have greatly improved in Nepal. Sophie Cousins reports. ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 新闻
doi：10.2471/BLT.16.030516
更新日期：2016-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To determine the direct medical costs of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) to the National Brazilian Health-Care System (NBHCS) and quantify the contribution of each individual component to the total cost. METHODS:A retrospective, cross-sectional, nationwide multicentre study was conducted between 2008 and 201...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.2471/BLT.12.110387
更新日期：2013-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mental health services are becoming more widely available than ever before to the Syrian population in spite of the crisis. Dale Gavlak reports. ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 新闻
doi：10.2471/BLT.16.020116
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Studies on the prevalence and other epidemiological features of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease and pilot prophylactic programmes have been carried out in India for the past 12 years or more. The results of these, together with data from other developing countries, have been taken into account in discussin...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1978-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This paper is an attempt to relate modifications observed in general and infant mortality rates with the dynamic changes in transmission induced by malaria control measures. The observations indicated relationships between the efficacy of control and a decrease in mortality. The daily parasitological inoculation rate ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1976-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:As in an earlier study, the authors have endeavoured to review the world incidence of poliomyelitis on the basis of the available statistical information (official notifications of cases and deaths) and to compare these data with data received from various sources regarding the prevailing viruses.It is certainly not y...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1956-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The authors present the results of a study carried out to determine the efficacy of chloroquine- and pyrimethamine-salt mixtures as a suppressive against sporozoite-induced vivax malaria (Chesson strain). The test subjects used in this study were volunteers of military age in the US Penitentiary at Atlanta, Ga. The su...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1958-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The single radial haemolysis reaction has been shown to be suitable for the quantitative assay of specific antibody to West Nile and Sindbis viruses. Only 5 mul of undiluted serum are needed for the test, which can be performed on crude preparations of antigen and without removal of nonspecific inhibitors. It is there...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1979-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To determine whether a complex community intervention in rural Zambia improved understanding of maternal health and increased use of maternal health-care services. METHODS:The intervention took place in six rural districts selected by the Zambian Ministry of Health. It involved community discussions on safe ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.2471/BLT.13.122721
更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To summarize the existing evidence on the efficacy of artemether and arteether, two artemisinin derivatives, versus quinine for treating cerebral malaria in children. METHODS:We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE and the http://clinicaltrials.gov web site. We also ch...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.2471/BLT.08.060327
更新日期：2009-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A study was undertaken in Bangalore City, India, to find out whether people with chest symptoms, including tuberculosis patients, attend general health institutions or report directly to tuberculosis clinics. The attendance for one day at 19 general dispensaries was investigated. Of the total of 2506 eligible persons ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1970-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There was a dramatic rise in the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis around Volta Lake within a year of its full impoundment in 1968. Research was undertaken to investigate the epidemiology of the disease in preparation for a control programme. The interplay of three factors-age, sex, and ethnic affiliation-largely ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1982-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Reported is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that has been optimized and validated for the determination of chloroquine in urine or dried blood spots. The assay employs antisera raised in sheep to a chloroquine derivative conjugated to keyhole limpet haemocyanin and chloroquine conjugated to porcine thyrog...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Simple microplate assay methods for determining the frequency of insecticide resistance in single mosquitos were used to study the distribution and localization of organophosphate and carbamate resistance in field populations of Anopheles albimanus Weidemann in Guatemala, where such resistance, caused by heavy use of ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Strains of Vibrio cholerae-1156 from various parts of the world-were examined by standardized antibiotic sensitivity tests in one centre, to determine the global incidence of antibiotic resistance in this organism and to assess the extent to which differences in methods of sensitivity testing might be responsible for ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1976-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Marion Koopmans tells Fiona Fleck why the world needs a publicly-funded network of hubs in all regions with local experts able to respond to infectious disease threats as they emerge. ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 传,历史文章,新闻
doi：10.2471/BLT.18.030218
更新日期：2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In Papua New Guinea the bottle-feeding of babies has been increasing, predominantly among unemployed women of low educational status. Many women are unaware of their legal right to have breaks at work for the purpose of breastfeeding, and a high proportion of workplaces have no facilities for mothers who wish to breas...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hepatic damage caused by chronic exposure to arsenic has been frequently described. Here we report on 13 patients from West Bengal, India, who consumed large amounts of arsenic in drinking water. An epidemiological investigation of the study area showed evidence of chronic arsenical dermatosis and hepatomegaly in 62 (...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To assess the effectiveness of decentralized treatment and care for patients with multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis, in comparison with centralized approaches. METHODS:We searched ClinicalTrials.gov, the Cochrane library, Embase®, Google Scholar, LILACS, PubMed®, Web of Science and the World Health Orga...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi：10.2471/BLT.17.193375
更新日期：2017-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The WHO Bilharziasis Advisory Team made a survey in Upper Volta during May and June 1960. Data available indicate that S. haematobium is widely scattered throughout the country and that about 50% of the population, or more than 1.5 million people, are infected at some time during their lives. The examination of faeces...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1962-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) involves distributing resources, especially human resources for health (HRH), to match population needs. This paper explores the policy lessons on HRH from four countries that have achieved sustained improvements in UHC: Brazil, Ghana, Mexico and Thailand. Its purpose is to in...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.2471/BLT.13.118729
更新日期：2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A WHO-coordinated study of the community control of hypertension in six countries (Cuba, Finland, France, Italy, Mongolia and Portugal) has shown that a comprehensive approach clearly improves the care of hypertensives in various populations. Hypertension control programmes were individually designed in each country a...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Lyophilized cells for the passive (formerly indirect) haemagglutination test for malaria were tested in a small field trial. A comparison was made with results obtained with samples from the same persons by another method in another laboratory (Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA, USA). The use of lyophilized cell...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1975-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Reports about recent famine victims and refugees have described the occurrence of xerophthalmia and resultant blindness related to severe vitamin A deficiency. These populations are subject to high prevalences of childhood protein-energy malnutrition and infectious diseases, pre-existing marginal vitamin A status, and...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Paula Radcliffe tells Gary Humphreys about her journey from athlete to clean air advocate and her hopes for a clean air initiative launched by the International Association of Athletics Federation. ...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 面试,新闻
doi：10.2471/BLT.19.030319
更新日期：2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:Most data on self-poisoning in rural Asia have come from secondary hospitals. We aimed to: assess how transfers from primary to secondary hospitals affected estimates of case-fatality ratio (CFR); determine whether there was referral bias according to gender or poison; and estimate the annual incidence of al...
journal_title：Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.2471/blt.05.025379
更新日期：2006-04-01 00:00:00
