Abstract:
:Lung counting is highly geometry dependent, especially at low photon energies. Monte Carlo simulations have been used to determine the magnitude of the errors obtained if it is assumed that the deposition is homogeneous, when in fact it is not. Simulation for a germanium lung counting system consisting of four, 70 mm x 30 mm diameter thick detectors have been performed for 70 deposition patterns. The detector efficiencies for 20, 40, 60, 120, 240, 660, and 1000 kiloelectron volts were calculated for a homogeneous deposition and these efficiencies were used to estimate the bias when the deposition was heterogeneous. A bias of 800% was not unusual. Whole-body counting is prone to errors that can arise from the activity distribution and/or size of the subject. The latter are geometry dependent and, for example, a bias result of 200% can be obtained when measuring children in a chair geometry using a calibration factor based on reference man. Thyroid counting is the least prone to error. If the measurement is done correctly, biases can usually be kept below 20%. However, if the measurement is made with a collimator or if the detector is in contact with the subject's neck, biases exceeding 200% can be obtained.
journal_name
Environ Health Perspectjournal_title
Environmental health perspectivesauthors
Kramer GHdoi
10.1289/ehp.97105s61393subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1997-12-01 00:00:00pages
1393-5eissn
0091-6765issn
1552-9924journal_volume
105 Suppl 6pub_type
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journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.98106597
更新日期:1998-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/EHP2752
更新日期:2018-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.961041437
更新日期:1996-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.96104858
更新日期:1996-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
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更新日期:2002-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:1986-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:1982-02-01 00:00:00
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pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.98106739
更新日期:1998-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2015-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.6881
更新日期:2004-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.813795
更新日期:1981-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.7932169
更新日期:1979-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.11502
更新日期:2009-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.00108853
更新日期:2000-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.1205113
更新日期:2012-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.6116
更新日期:2003-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.90885
更新日期:1990-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/EHP5580
更新日期:2020-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2017-06-13 00:00:00
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journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.1409202
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
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更新日期:1994-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.0901237
更新日期:2010-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.93101s4237
更新日期:1993-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1289/ehp.97105s2457
更新日期:1997-03-01 00:00:00
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abstract::The types of reactive intermediates generated upon reduction of chromium(VI) by glutathione or hydrogen peroxide and the resulting DNA damage have been determined. In vitro, reaction of chromium(VI) with glutathione led to formation of two chromium(V) complexes and the glutathione thiyl radical. When chromium(VI) was ...
journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.919253
更新日期:1991-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.919661
更新日期:1991-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/ehp.11922
更新日期:2009-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Environmental health perspectives
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1289/EHP167
更新日期:2016-09-01 00:00:00