Abstract:
:Bringing together various disease-specific guidelines for sick children, WHO and UNICEF have developed an Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) algorithm, one component of which (assess and classify) was tested in the outpatient department of a rural district hospital in western Uganda. Children aged 2-59 months were seen first by a Ugandan medical assistant trained in IMCI, and then evaluated by a medical officer. Sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive values were determined by comparing the IMCI classifications with a reference standard based on the medical officers' diagnoses and laboratory tests. Of the 1226 children seen, 69% were classified into more than one symptom category, 7% were not classified in any symptom category, 8% had a danger sign, and 16% were classified into a severe category, for which the IMCI approach recommended urgent hospital referral. Specificity for most classifications was good, though sensitivity and positive predictive values were variable. We conclude that the IMCI algorithm is an important advance in the primary care of sick children in developing countries. :The World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF have developed the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) algorithm which incorporates the existing guidelines for the management of diarrhea and respiratory diseases, and adds new guidelines for measles, malaria, malnutrition, and anemia into one comprehensive case management approach. The assessment and classification component of the algorithm was tested in the outpatient department of a rural district hospital in western Uganda. 1226 children aged 2-59 months were first seen by a Ugandan medical assistant trained in IMCI, then evaluated by a medical officer. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive values were determined by comparing the IMCI classifications with a reference standard based upon the medical officers' diagnoses and laboratory tests. 69% of the 1226 children seen were classified into more than one symptom category, 7% were not classified into any category, 8% had a danger sign, and 16% were classified into a severe category. The IMCI approach recommends that patients in this latter, severe category be urgently referred for hospital care. While specificity for most classifications was good, sensitivity and positive predictive values were variable. The IMCI algorithm is, however, an important advance in the primary care of sick children in developing countries.
journal_name
Bull World Health Organjournal_title
Bulletin of the World Health Organizationauthors
Kolstad PR,Burnham G,Kalter HD,Kenya-Mugisha N,Black REsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1997-01-01 00:00:00pages
77-85eissn
0042-9686issn
1564-0604journal_volume
75 Suppl 1pub_type
杂志文章abstract::A survey of bilharziasis and its vectors in certain countries of north-east Africa and of the Red Sea area, carried out between December 1951 and February 1952, is described within the framework of a review of the somewhat scattered and incomplete information already available on this subject in the literature. Clinic...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1956-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Development of resistance to chloroquine in rodent malaria is inhibited by giving this compound together with a potentiating mixture of pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine but this does not prevent the development of resistance to the last two compounds. The use of drug mixtures should be explored as a means of "protecting"...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1974-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Freeze-fracture studies were made on the parasite and the erythrocyte in P. knowlesi infections. There is a loss of transmembrane integral proteins from the plasma membrane of the schizont-infected erythrocyte and the intraerythrocytic parasite synthesizes new transmembrane proteins as development proceeds. Formation ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1977-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Picornavirus particles and serotype-specific neutralizing antibody were demonstrated in tears collected during early onset of acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis. Virus particles deposited from tears by airfuge ultracentrifugation and stained with potassium phosphotungstate were easily recognized by electron microscopy....
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although none of the currently available methods of contraception can be considered ideal for use by adolescents, many come reasonably close. The present article reviews the relative benefits and risks associated with each method. Oral contraceptives (OCs) appear to bear few specific risks for adolescents. Pills co...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Between July 1966 and May 1972 the Vesicular Disease Laboratory, Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, Ga., USA, tested specimens from 849 suspected smallpox cases by at least 2 methods, electron microscopy and chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) cultures. A smaller number of specimens was tested by each of 4 m...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1973-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Doubts have been raised on theoretical grounds concerning the effect of BCG in tropical countries, where in most places a large proportion of the population have a naturally acquired tuberculin allergy of low strength and unknown (but almost certainly non-specific) origin. Furthermore, vaccinations in the tropics may ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1964-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper considers new developments to strengthen sexual and reproductive health and HIV linkages and discusses factors that continue to impede progress. It is based on a previous review undertaken for the United Kingdom Department for International Development in 2006 that examined the constraints and opportunities...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/blt.08.059279
更新日期:2009-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) include bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), which was first described in 1986 in the United Kingdom but has occurred subsequently in several other countries. This Memorandum reviews the existing state of knowledge on all the known spongiform encephalopathies, and...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The administration of rabies-immune serum in addition to regular vaccination has been recommended as routine treatment in man after severe exposure to rabies virus. The inhibitory effect of passive antibody on active immunity induced against rabies by vaccination was investigated in rabbits. It was demonstrated that a...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1971-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::About 30 million people in Africa are estimated to be living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), yet data about the natural history of infection on the continent are sparse. We reviewed the literature on the natural history of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections among African adult...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2004-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine the extent to which the community-directed approach used in onchocerciasis control in Africa could effectively and efficiently provide integrated delivery of other health interventions. METHODS:A three-year experimental study was undertaken in 35 health districts from 2005 to 2007 in seven resea...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi:10.2471/BLT.09.069203
更新日期:2010-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Several authors have reported an inverse correlation between death rates from cardiovascular diseases and local water hardness, but the significance of such a relationship is still debated. To investigate further this relationship, another indicator of water quality was used, namely, the alpha-radioactivity level of r...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1970-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Haemagglutination (HA) has been used frequently for the titration of tetanus antitoxin but published results have varied in relation to the "unitage" determined by the mouse toxin-neutralization test (TN). This report gives the results of the titration of a group of sera by haemagglutination and compares them with the...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1970-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:Objective:To estimate the use of hospitals for four essential primary care services offered in health centres in low- and middle-income countries and to explore differences in quality between hospitals and health centres. Methods:We extracted data from all demographic and health surveys conducted since 2010 on the typ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.19.245563
更新日期:2020-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The public sector in developing countries is increasingly contracting with the non-state sector to improve access, efficiency and quality of health services. We conducted a multicountry study to assess the range of health services contracted out, the process of contracting and its influencing factors in ten countries ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/blt.06.033027
更新日期:2006-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Osteoporosis is a major public health problem, affecting millions of people worldwide. The associated health care costs are growing in parallel with increases in elderly populations, and it is expected that the number of osteoporotic fractures will double over the next 50 years. The best way to address osteoporosis is...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Up-to-date information is given on the epidemiological situation of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) in nine Mediterranean countries, and on drug regimens adopted in the management of ZVL patients in each country. Results of experimental and clinical trials on the efficacy and tolerability of liposomal amphoteric...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine the prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma japonicum infection and associated morbidity, and to estimate the infected human and buffalo populations in the Dongting Lake region, Hunan province, China. METHODS:We used data from the third national schistosomiasis periodic epidemiological survey (P...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/blt.06.034033
更新日期:2007-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To investigate physical activity during leisure time and commuting among persons aged 15-69 years in the urban population of Tianjin, China, and to assess its associations with demographic and health-related characteristics. METHODS:In 1996 a cross-sectional survey of 2002 males and 1974 females provided inf...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The 1990s have seen a remarkable decrease in mortality among infants and children in most developing countries. In some countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, these declines in mortality among children have slowed and are now increasing again. Internationally comparable data derived from survey programmes, suc...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The magnitude of antigenic change of the Hong Kong strains from the earlier influenza A2 strains was compared with previous antigenic changes among the type A viruses. Representative type A strains recovered from man during the years 1933 through 1969 were examined by reciprocal haemagglutination-inhibition, neutraliz...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1969-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A critical review is made of the present knowledge of the etiology of neoplasms of the haematopoietic system in experimental animals and man. Genetic factors play a dominant role in the origin of leukaemias in mice. A Mendelian interpretation of the data is excluded and several genes appear to be involved in susceptib...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1962-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Over the last decade, a massive increase in data collection and analysis has occurred in many fields. In the health sector, however, there has been relatively little progress in data analysis and application despite a rapid rise in data production. Given adequate governance, improvements in the quality, quantity, stor...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2471/BLT.14.139022
更新日期:2015-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::There was a dramatic rise in the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis around Volta Lake within a year of its full impoundment in 1968. Research was undertaken to investigate the epidemiology of the disease in preparation for a control programme. The interplay of three factors-age, sex, and ethnic affiliation-largely ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1982-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Now that the global eradication of wild poliovirus is almost within sight, planning for the post-certification era is becoming a priority issue. It is agreed that a stockpile of appropriate polio vaccines will need to be established, and a surveillance and response capacity will need to be maintained, in order to prot...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:Objective:To assess the outcomes of children diagnosed with hearing impairment 3 years earlier in terms of referral uptake, treatment received and satisfaction with this treatment, and social participation. Methods:We conducted a population-based longitudinal analysis of children with a hearing impairment in two rural...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.18.226241
更新日期:2019-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The systematic position of the so-called "species" of Leishmania is examined and an attempt made to determine their phylogenetic relationships. The morphology of the organisms as seen by light- and electron-microscopy is described; neither method provides useful criteria for the determination of species. The behaviour...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1971-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Between April and July 1966 a comparative trial of two live attenuated measles vaccines (Schwarz and Beckenham 31), given intramuscularly or intradermally, was conducted in Hong Kong. Some 910 non-immune children completed the trial. The Beckenham 31 vaccine caused significantly more complications than Schwarz vaccine...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1967-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To characterize patent and proprietary medicine vendors and shops in Nigeria and to assess their ability to help improve access to high-quality, primary health-care services. METHODS:In 2013 and 2014, a census of patent and proprietary medicine shops in 16 states of Nigeria was carried out to determine: (i) ...
journal_title:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2471/BLT.15.154666
更新日期:2016-04-01 00:00:00