Abstract:
:The first randomized clinical trial at the National Cancer Institute (NCI), planned in 1954, commenced in 1955 for the treatment of patients with acute leukaemia. The programme in clinical trials at NCI had strong influence from the clinician and administrator, C. Gordon Zubrod, who introduced the randomized clinical trial at NCI and organized the co-operative clinical trials programme of the Cancer Chemotherapy National Service Center (CCNSC) beginning about 1955. The biostatistician, Marvin Schneiderman, collaborated on the first randomized trials in acute leukaemia and solid tumours and recruited the biostatisticians and statistical centres in the early phase of the co-operative clinical trials programme of the CCNSC. From the beginning, there was acceptance of the principles of the randomization of patients and the statistical analysis of data. The sequence of clinical trials for a new agent included the non-randomized phase I (dosage finding) and phase II (preliminary efficacy) trials as well as the phase III (comparison of treatments) trials. New concepts for the treatment of patients developed from 1955 to the mid-1960s included the combination of therapies with independent activity to increase response rates and the administration of therapy to patients in a disease-free (remission) state to prolong the disease-free state. Methodological developments related to clinical trials up to the mid-1960s included: a plan for phase II trials (Gehan); a generalization of the Wilcoxon test for the comparison of survival distributions with right-censored data (Gehan); a test of proportional hazards for survival distributions, which later became known as the Mantel-Haenszel test (Mantel), and an exponential regression model with an explanatory variable (Feigl and Zelen).
journal_name
Stat Medjournal_title
Statistics in medicineauthors
Gehan EA,Schneiderman MAdoi
10.1002/sim.4780090803subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1990-08-01 00:00:00pages
871-80; discussion 903-6issue
8eissn
0277-6715issn
1097-0258journal_volume
9pub_type
临床试验,历史文章,杂志文章,随机对照试验abstract::The cost and efficiency of training clinical centre staff and of duplicate data entry in clinical trials is reviewed. Training is an essential component of quality assurance programmes and it is usually carried out at regular intervals in long-term clinical trials. Initial training of staff and regular retraining is i...
journal_title:Statistics in medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Statistics in medicine
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更新日期:2001-02-28 00:00:00
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pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
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更新日期:1995-09-30 00:00:00
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