Abstract:
:To determine the extent age, sex and co-infection affect morbidity in people infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), we performed a population-based study linking HCV notifications in New South Wales, Australia with their hospital (July 2000 to June 2006), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HIV notification, and death records. Poisson models were used to calculate hospitalization rate ratios (RRs) for all-cause, illicit drug and liver-related admissions. Co-infection RRs were used to estimate attributable risk (AR). The 86 501 people notified with HCV contributed 422 761 person-years of observation; 0·8% had HIV, 3·7% HBV, and 0·04% had both. RRs for males were equal to or lower than for females in younger ages, but higher in older ages (P for interaction ⩽0·013). HBV/HIV co-infection resulted in ARs of over 70% for liver disease and 30-60% otherwise. However, at the cohort level the impact was minimal (population ARs 1·3-8·7%). Our findings highlight the importance and success of public health measures, such as needle and syringe exchange programmes, which have helped to minimize the prevalence of co-infection in Australia. The findings also suggest that the age of study participants needs to be considered whenever the burden of HCV-related morbidity is reported by sex. The results are likely to be representative of patterns in hospital-related morbidity for the entire HCV-infected population in Australia and the ARs generalizable to other developed countries.
journal_name
Epidemiol Infectjournal_title
Epidemiology and infectionauthors
Gidding HF,Amin J,Dore GJ,Law MGdoi
10.1017/S095026881000258Xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2011-08-01 00:00:00pages
1151-8issue
8eissn
0950-2688issn
1469-4409pii
S095026881000258Xjournal_volume
139pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Until recently, reports on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in food production animals were mainly limited to occasional detections in dairy cattle mastitis. However, since 2005 a MRSA clone, CC398, has been reported colonizing pigs, veal calves and broiler chickens and infecting dairy cows. Many asp...
journal_title:Epidemiology and infection
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S0950268809991567
更新日期:2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of this study was to determine the most cost-effective strategy for the prevention and control of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) in intensive care units (ICUs) in areas with limited health resources. The study was conducted in 12 ICUs of four hospitals. The total cost for the prevention of MDROs and the...
journal_title:Epidemiology and infection
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0950268820001120
更新日期:2020-05-20 00:00:00
abstract::During a period of 3 years, 1998-2000, 1047 faecal swabs from Black-headed gulls were sampled at one location in Southern Sweden. Salmonella spp. was found in 28 individuals (2.7%) and the dominating serotype found was S. Typhimurium (83%). Twenty-five per cent of the Salmonella-infected gulls were later recaptured an...
journal_title:Epidemiology and infection
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0950268805005261
更新日期:2006-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Japan has been free from rabies since 1958. A strict import regimen has been adopted since 2004 consisting of identification of an animal with microchip, two-time rabies vaccination, neutralizing antibody titration test and a waiting period of 180 days. The present study aims to quantitatively assess the risk of rabie...
journal_title:Epidemiology and infection
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0950268816002995
更新日期:2017-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper compares strains of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) serotype SAT (South African Territories) 2 viruses isolated from Zimbabwe and other African countries using monoclonal antibodies (MAb). A sandwich-ELISA was used to examine the relative binding of anti-SAT 2 MAb to the various viruses. The MAb-binding profil...
journal_title:Epidemiology and infection
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s095026880005826x
更新日期:1995-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The occupational risk of acquiring minor respiratory infections for paediatric student nurses was estimated by performing serological examinations with influenza A, B, C, parainfluenza, mumps, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus and Mycoplasma pneumoniae at 6-month intervals over a period of 4 years in paediatric ...
journal_title:Epidemiology and infection
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0950268800061707
更新日期:1987-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tuberculosis (TB) mortality rates in the USA fell rapidly from 1910 to 1933. However, during this period, racial disparities in TB mortality in the nation's expanding cities grew. Because of long delays between infection and disease, TB mortality is a poor indicator of short-term changes in transmission. We estimated ...
journal_title:Epidemiology and infection
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0950268817000802
更新日期:2017-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::A dairy herd (77 cows) from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with a history of tuberculosis infection was tested by a comparative cervical test (CCT). Seventeen cows were reactive and seven were inconclusive (swelling ≥ 2.0 mm and ≤ 3.9 mm, respectively). All of these 24 cows were slaughtered and necropsied ; samples from lung...
journal_title:Epidemiology and infection
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0950268812002105
更新日期:2013-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::We studied 7 patients with nosocomial Legionnaires' disease to determine the relationship between isolates of Legionella pneumophila recovered from potable water and those recovered from patients. Potable water was cultured from all rooms in which patients had stayed prior to the diagnosis of Legionnaires' disease. Th...
journal_title:Epidemiology and infection
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0950268800057939
更新日期:1995-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Vaccines are the cornerstone of influenza control policy, but can suffer from several drawbacks. Seasonal influenza vaccines are prone to production problems and low efficacies, while pandemic vaccines are unlikely to be available in time to slow a rapidly spreading global outbreak. Antiviral therapy was found to be b...
journal_title:Epidemiology and infection
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0950268814002520
更新日期:2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The main feature of the epidemiological transition is a shift in the recorded causes of death from infectious diseases to other morbid conditions. This paper outlines modifications made to Omran's original model and stages of transition, and suggests that without a focus on aetiology and morbidity, these have been bas...
journal_title:Epidemiology and infection
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0950268818000572
更新日期:2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Antimicrobial use in pig farming is influenced by a range of risk factors, including herd characteristics, biosecurity level, farm performance, occurrence of clinical signs and vaccination scheme, as well as farmers' attitudes and habits towards antimicrobial use. So far, the effect of these risk factors has been expl...
journal_title:Epidemiology and infection
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0950268818000742
更新日期:2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::In April 2015, Finnish public health authorities alerted European Union member states of a possible multi-country Salmonella enteritidis outbreak linked to an international youth ice-hockey tournament in Latvia. The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Finnish and Latvian authorities initiated an...
journal_title:Epidemiology and infection
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0950268817001212
更新日期:2017-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::A retrospective cohort study was conducted from 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2009 in Michigan to estimate the prevalence of HIV and hepatitis co-infection and identify associated factors. The prevalence of co-infection was 4.1% [95% confidence interval (CI) 3.8-4.5]. Multivariable logistic regression analysis reveale...
journal_title:Epidemiology and infection
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0950268813000538
更新日期:2013-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although community-onset bloodstream infection (BSI) is recognized to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality, there is a paucity of population-based studies defining its overall burden. We conducted population-based laboratory surveillance for all community-onset BSI in the Calgary Health Region during 2000-2004....
journal_title:Epidemiology and infection
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0950268806007631
更新日期:2007-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::We present the results from a novel surveillance system for detecting excess all-cause mortality by age group in England and Wales developed during the pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 period from April 2009 to March 2010. A Poisson regression model was fitted to age-specific mortality data from 1999 to 2008 and used t...
journal_title:Epidemiology and infection
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0950268811000410
更新日期:2011-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) are reportable diseases, the third most common causes for hospitalization of children in Thailand. Data collected from the Ministry of Public Health were analysed for trends. Rates of DHF increased in Thailand until 1987 when the largest epidemic ever, 32...
journal_title:Epidemiology and infection
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0950268898001617
更新日期:1999-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The efficacy of interferon A (rIFN-alpha 2A), an Escherichia coli-derived interferon, in the prophylaxis of acute upper respiratory tract infection, was evaluated in a community-based double-blind placebo-controlled study in the Australian winter of 1985. The trial population of 412 healthy volunteers (190 males and 2...
journal_title:Epidemiology and infection
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0950268800029484
更新日期:1988-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::To determine the occupational significance of tick-borne zoonoses we sought serological evidence of Lyme borreliosis, human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME) and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) in a representative sample of farmworkers. Although around 20% reported ticks on their domestic and companion animals, few (...
journal_title:Epidemiology and infection
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0950268898001514
更新日期:1998-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::When applicable, case-crossover studies may be quicker and cheaper to complete than case-control studies. Because time is a major issue in outbreak investigations, we evaluated the interest of this design during a continuous common source food-borne outbreak of salmonellosis for which the vehicle (hamburgers) was also...
journal_title:Epidemiology and infection
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0950268803001006
更新日期:2003-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::In Spain, vaccination against rubella was initiated in schoolgirls in the mid-1970s. In Gipuzkoa, subsequent extensions to the vaccination schedule culminated in 1992 with the introduction of the two-dose measles, mumps and rubella vaccine in children and adolescents of both sexes. Moreover, in 1985 a programme for th...
journal_title:Epidemiology and infection
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0950268804002158
更新日期:2004-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::We assessed prevalence of and risk factors for candidaemia following Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) using longitudinal population-based surveillance. Of 13 615 adults with CDI, 113 (0·8%) developed candidaemia in the 120 days following CDI. In a matched case-control analysis, severe CDI and CDI treatment with v...
journal_title:Epidemiology and infection
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0950268815003027
更新日期:2016-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::In Vietnam, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 infections in poultry often occur without concomitant clinical signs and outbreaks are not consistently reported. Live bird markets represent a convenient site for surveillance that does not rely on farmers' notifications. Two H5N1 surveys were conducted at liv...
journal_title:Epidemiology and infection
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0950268812001112
更新日期:2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The epidemiological target of lockdowns is to drive down the effective reproduction number (Rt) to less than 1. A key unknown is the duration that lockdowns need to be in place to achieve this and which lockdown measures are effective. Daily number of laboratory confirmed community coronavirus 2019 cases were extracte...
journal_title:Epidemiology and infection
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0950268820002964
更新日期:2020-12-09 00:00:00
abstract::Effective primary prevention of congenital toxoplasmosis requires up to date information on locally relevant risk factors for infection in pregnant women. In Naples, risk factors for toxoplasma infection were compared in recently infected women (as assessed by detection of specific IgM in serum) and susceptible, IgG n...
journal_title:Epidemiology and infection
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0950268800052675
更新日期:1996-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::We investigated the first laboratory-confirmed human case of cowpox virus infection in Russia since 1991. Phylogenetic studies of haemagglutinin, TNF-α receptor-like protein and thymidine kinase regions showed significant differences with known orthopoxviruses, including unique amino-acid substitutions and deletions. ...
journal_title:Epidemiology and infection
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0950268816002922
更新日期:2017-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Transmission of varicella occurs frequently in schools and households. We investigated the characteristics of varicella cases derived from within-household transmission and the modes of varicella transmission between school and household settings in Shanghai, China, from 2009 to 2018. Within-household transmission occ...
journal_title:Epidemiology and infection
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0950268820000448
更新日期:2020-02-14 00:00:00
abstract::The aim was to determine the prevalence of HIV infection and risk factors for HIV infection in various population subgroups in Ethiopia. Serum panels from blood donors (n = 2610), from various population subgroups in Ethiopia were tested for anti-HIV-1/2 by ELISA. All ELISA repeatedly reactive samples were subjected f...
journal_title:Epidemiology and infection
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0950268801006604
更新日期:2002-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Serotype 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae is a cause of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) worldwide and has been associated with IPD outbreaks, while carriage is rarely detected in healthy adults or children. This study details an Australian multi-state and territory outbreak of serotype 1 S. pneumoniae IPD between 2010 a...
journal_title:Epidemiology and infection
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0950268814000648
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis A virus was assessed in a Dutch nationwide sample (n = 7367). A questionnaire was used to study the association with various sociodemographic characteristics. Overall, 33.8% (95% CI 31.6-36%) of the population had hepatitis A antibodies. The seroprevalence was less than 10% in...
journal_title:Epidemiology and infection
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0950268899003842
更新日期:2000-06-01 00:00:00