Abstract:
:In modern industrialized societies, people are exposed to thousands of naturally occurring and synthetic chemicals throughout their lifetime. Although certain occupational chemicals are known to be carcinogenic in humans, it has been difficult to definitively determine the adverse health effects of many environmental pollutants due to their tremendous chemical diversity and absence of a consistent structural motif. Many environmental chemicals are metabolized in the body to reactive intermediates that readily react with DNA to form modified bases known as adducts, while other compounds mimic the biological function of estrogen. Because environmental chemicals tend to accumulate in human tissues and have carcinogenic and/or estrogenic properties, there is heightened interest in determining whether environmental chemicals increase risk for endocrine-related cancers, including breast cancer. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, but established risk factors account for a relatively small proportion of cases and causative factors remain ambiguous and poorly defined. In this review, we outline the structural chemistry of environmental contaminants, describe mechanisms of carcinogenesis and molecular pathways through which these chemicals may exert detrimental health effects, review current knowledge of relationships between chemicals and breast cancer risk, and highlight future directions for research on environmental contributions to breast cancer. Improved understanding of the relationship between environmental chemicals and breast cancer will help to educate the general public about real and perceived dangers of these pollutants in our environment and has the potential to reduce individual risk by changing corporate practices and improving public health policies.
journal_name
Curr Med Chemjournal_title
Current medicinal chemistryauthors
Weyandt J,Ellsworth RE,Hooke JA,Shriver CD,Ellsworth DLdoi
10.2174/092986708786242930subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2008-01-01 00:00:00pages
2680-701issue
26eissn
0929-8673issn
1875-533Xjournal_volume
15pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a large family of calcium-dependent zinc- containing endopeptidases, which are responsible for the tissue remodeling and degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM), including collagens, elastins, gelatin, matrix glycoproteins, and proteoglycan. The inappropriate expression of th...
journal_title:Current medicinal chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/092986711795471329
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Receptor-binding peptides have attracted an enormous interest in targeting molecules for the development of tumour specific radiopharmaceutical compounds. The overexpression of many receptors on human tumour makes such peptide-ligands attractive agents for diagnostic imaging and therapy of cancers. The use of solid-ph...
journal_title:Current medicinal chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2174/092986710791859388
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dendritic cells (DCs) play a central role in the establishment of tolerance/immunity, because they activate naïve T cells (TCs). Therefore, the pharmacological modulation of DCs has become a major field of interest in immunology. A large body of literature has arisen from the studies of DC biology during immunosuppres...
journal_title:Current medicinal chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/0929867054546627
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) based mapping and imaging is a fast emerging technology which is being increasingly applied to investigate tissues in the high-throughput mode. The high resolution close to the cellular level, the possibility to determine the bio-distribution of molecules of interest (proteins, pepti...
journal_title:Current medicinal chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/092986709787002664
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Apoptosis or programmed cell death is a cellular mechanism used to regulate cell number and eliminate damaged or mutated cells. Many chemotherapeutic agents and ionizing radiation induce not only apoptotic signaling pathways, but also survival responses such as DNA damage responses and cell cycle arrest, which allow f...
journal_title:Current medicinal chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/092986707780362844
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ageing is an aggravating factor leading to alterations in the biotransformation of drugs, and therefore their therapeutic efficacy and safety. In this review we discuss the influence of ageing on drug metabolizing enzymes in male Wistar rats. We report that drug metabolizing enzymes can be affected by ageing either by...
journal_title:Current medicinal chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/092986707780090981
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Protein p53 is a key player in mitochondrial mediated apoptotic cell death and excess p53 activity has been implicated in many disease states such athrosclerosis, diabetes, osteoarthritis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, AIDS, P. falciparum and S. typhimurium infections. Thus, chemical ...
journal_title:Current medicinal chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/092986709788681976
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Polyphenols are probably the most known and investigated molecules of nutritional interest as micronutrients present in abundance in our diet. Some of the most important food sources of polyphenols in the Mediterranean diet are olives and olive oil. A growing body of evidence from animal models to clinical s...
journal_title:Current medicinal chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/0929867323666160627104022
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The purinergic receptor P2X7 is highly expressed in immune peripheral and central cells suggesting its important role in numerous diseases characterized by inflammatory processes like cancer, or neurodegenerative pathologies in relation with modulation of the immune system. Thereby, antagonization of this receptor may...
journal_title:Current medicinal chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/0929867322666141212120926
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cellular interactions among platelets, leukocytes and endothelial cells are considered as a major cause of inflammation and atherosclerosis in many diseases. Via exposed surface receptors and released soluble substances, activated platelets play a crucial role in the initiation of inflammatory processes, resulting in ...
journal_title:Current medicinal chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/092986712798918770
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tetracyclines (TCs) and their non-antimicrobial analogs (CMTs) have therapeutic potential to inhibit tissue destructive disease processes, such as cancer invasion and metastasis, by inhibiting certain matrix metalloproteinases. Enhanced matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2; gelatinase A) activity has been correlated to c...
journal_title:Current medicinal chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.2174/0929867013373660
更新日期:2001-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Since photodynamic therapy emerged as a promising cancer treatment, the development of photosensitizers has gained great interest. In this context, the photosynthetic pigments, chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls, as excellent natural photosensitizers, attracted much attention. In effect, several (bacterio) chloroph...
journal_title:Current medicinal chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/0929867322666150818104034
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Akuammiline alkaloids are a family of monoterpene indole alkaloids of renewed medicinal interest. These bases act as ligands for a heterogeneous group of molecular targets and, consequently, display a wide variety of pharmacological activities. For example, pseudoakuammigine (2) exhibits opioid activity in vivo, echit...
journal_title:Current medicinal chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/0929867033457016
更新日期:2003-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The bryostatins, powerful protein kinase C (PKC) agonists, are a family of complex macrolactone natural products. They are originally isolated from the marine bryozoan Bugula neritina. So far tweenty bryostatins have been obtained naturally and exhibit a remarkable range of biological activities, including antineoplas...
journal_title:Current medicinal chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/092986712800493020
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A dramatical decline in human male reproductive function has been reported for the past 20 years. Many recent epidemiological, clinical and experimental findings suggest that the reproductive dysfunction could result from prenatal and neonatal chemical compound exposure. Even if numerous studies argue for a relationsh...
journal_title:Current medicinal chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/092986711797636117
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) belong to the protein family of neurotrophins. They both display profound neuromodulatory functions and are essentially involved in the survival and homeostatic maintenance of central and peripheral neurons during development and adulthood. Moreove...
journal_title:Current medicinal chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/092986707781745578
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::From the discovery of Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPC), these bone marrowderived precursors have been placed as crucial mediators of the endothelial repair. Accordingly, altered levels and function of EPC have been found in different scenarios of CV risk. Despite the fact that EPC exhibit important characteristics w...
journal_title:Current medicinal chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/0929867324666170428110311
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dendrotoxins are small proteins isolated from mamba (Dendroaspis) snakes. The original dendrotoxin was found in venom of the Eastern green mamba, Dendroaspis angusticeps, and related proteins were subsequently found in other mamba venoms. The dendrotoxins contain 57-60 amino acid residues cross-linked by three disulph...
journal_title:Current medicinal chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/0929867043363820
更新日期:2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Specific noncovalent interactions that are indicative of attractive, directional intermolecular forces have always been of key interest to medicinal chemists in their search for the "glue" that holds drugs and their targets together. With the rapid increase in the number of solved biomolecular structures as well as th...
journal_title:Current medicinal chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/092986712803414150
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although glial proliferation of the epileptic loci is recognized for more than a century in certain focal epilepsies, the role of astrocytes in epileptic conditions is receiving significant attention only in recent years. The present review will highlight current knowledge about the various ways astrocytes control neu...
journal_title:Current medicinal chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/0929867320666131119160445
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the administration of a photosensitizer (PS) followed by illumination with visible light, leading to generation of reactive oxygen species. The mechanisms of resistance to PDT ascribed to the PS may be shared with the general mechanisms of drug resistance, and are related to altered...
journal_title:Current medicinal chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/092986711795843272
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Molecular hybridization is a new concept in drug design and development based on the combination of pharmacophoric moieties of different bioactive substances to produce a new hybrid compound with improved affinity and efficacy, when compared to the parent drugs. Additionally, this strategy can result in compounds pres...
journal_title:Current medicinal chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/092986707781058805
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Over the years, natural products have shown success as antidiabetics in in vitro, in vivo studies and clinical trials. Because natural product-derived drugs are more affordable and effective with fewer side-effects compared to conventional therapies, pharmaceutical research is increasingly leaning towards the discover...
journal_title:Current medicinal chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/0929867323666160813222436
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::About 2.3% of the world's population is infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and patients have a high risk of developing liver cirrhosis and its complications. Current therapeutic strategies are based on a combination of pegylatedinterferon, ribavirin and (only for patients with genotype 1 infection) a protease inhib...
journal_title:Current medicinal chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/0929867321666140706125950
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The transport mechanisms of ascorbic acid (AA) are described. The metabolism of AA and its function as an antioxidant are covered in some detail. Subsequently, indications for postoperative substitution are discussed. The supplementation of up to 300 mg of AA per day in postoperative intensive care unit patients durin...
journal_title:Current medicinal chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/092986709787002781
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Currently available therapeutic options for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, such as dietary modification, oral hypoglycemics, and insulin, have limitations of their own. Many natural products and herbal medicines have been recommended for the treatment of diabetes. The present paper reviews medicinal plants t...
journal_title:Current medicinal chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/092986706776360860
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The therapeutic properties of cannabinoids are well-known since ancient years. Growing evidence exist on endocannabinoid system (ECS) modulation related with human tumorigenesis. OBJECTIVE:Taking into account the substantial role of ECS on immune cell regulation, the present review is aimed to summarize the...
journal_title:Current medicinal chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/0929867323666160530144934
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Coumarins, also referred as benzopyran-2-ones, and their corresponding nitrogen counterpart, 1-azacoumarins also referred to as carbostyrils, are a family of nature-occurring lactones and lactams respectively. The plant extracts containing coumarin-related heterocycles, which were employed as herbal remedies in early ...
journal_title:Current medicinal chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/092986706778521968
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The rising emergence of antibiotic resistance urges the search for new strategies to defeat microorganisms that lead to persistent infections of the host. Tolerant to antibiotics, slowly replicating bacteria often cause latent and persistent infections that are the most challenging for pharmacological treatment. Persi...
journal_title:Current medicinal chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/0929867321666141112122553
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Aberrant signaling caused by mutations in the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway and its upstream activators critically contributes to human tumor development. Strategies, which aim at inhibiting hyperactive signaling molecules, appear conceptually straight forward, but their translation into clinical practice has been hampered ...
journal_title:Current medicinal chemistry
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.2174/092986707780059670
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00