Abstract:
:Since the first official world championships in breath-hold diving (1996), a sport has developed where the athletes compete in various disciplines of breath-hold diving. One of the rules is that the diver should surface from a dive without showing any signs of hypoxia. Depending on the severity of hypoxia, a diver may suffer disqualifying signs such as loss of consciousness (LOC) or loss of motor control (LMC), the latter including signs such as confusion, affected postural control, spasms or speech problems. Data was collected from the results of the major international competitions following AIDA guidelines (Association International pour le Dévelopment de l'Apnée) in 1998, 2001-2004. The data was analyzed for frequency of LOC and LMC during constant weight diving and during static apnea. In constant weight diving, the diver swims down (and up) as deeply as possible along a vertically suspended rope (current record 105 m). In static apnea, the diver strives for maximum duration, floating motionless face down in a pool (current record 8.58 min). A total of 601 static apnea (SA) performances and 596 constant weight dives were judged in the six competitions. On average, 10 % of SA, and 11 % of CW performances were disqualified due to signs of hypoxia. For the competitions in 2002-2004, a distinction was made in the rules between LOC and LMC; of a total number of 355 SA performances, 1.1 % resulted in LOC, while 9.6 % resulted in LMC. For CW, the number was 344 with 6.1 % LOC and 6.1 % LMC. Despite the relatively high incidence of dramatic signs, it is noteworthy that there have been no reports of fatal accidents or permanent injuries from any of the above-mentioned competitions. This descriptive paper shows a relatively high incidence of disqualifications due to signs of hypoxia in breath-hold competitions 1998-2004.
journal_name
Int J Sports Medjournal_title
International journal of sports medicineauthors
Lindholm Pdoi
10.1055/s-2006-924361subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2007-04-01 00:00:00pages
295-9issue
4eissn
0172-4622issn
1439-3964journal_volume
28pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Plantar fascial disorder is comprised of plantar fasciitis and plantar fibromatosis. Plantar fasciitis is the most common cause of heel pain, especially for athletes involved in running and jumping sports. Plantar fibromatosis is a rare fibrous hyperproliferation of the deep connective tissue of the foot. To identify ...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析
doi:10.1055/s-0044-100280
更新日期:2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The present study aimed to evaluate the applicability of using a single slice cross-sectional area (CSA) of the skeletal muscle for estimating segmental skeletal muscle volume (SMV). By using MRI, the SMV of each of the upper arm, lower arm, upper leg, lower leg, and trunk was determined in 29 males. First, step-wise ...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-0033-1351251
更新日期:2014-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study was undertaken to assess whether ventilatory anaerobic threshold (T vent) reflected endurance capacity (EC) in sports medical control. Fifteen subjects performed two cycle ergometer tests. The first was a maximal exercise test, which consisted of increasing the load 20 W/min until exhaustion. During this te...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-2008-1025654
更新日期:1987-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of this study was to compare the effects of aerobic and mental training on cognitive function and to determine if the association of the two techniques shows better results. Thirty-two healthy elderly subjects (60 - 76 years) were assigned to one of four groups: aerobic training, mental training, combined aero...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-2002-33735
更新日期:2002-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Altitude exposure leads to considerable weight loss. The different hypotheses that have been put forward to explain this phenomenon are discussed reviewing the literature: 1) a primary decrease of food intake due to loss of appetite caused, directly or indirectly, by hypoxia, changes of menus, comfort and habits, 2) a...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-2007-1024616
更新日期:1992-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::To examine measures of total and regional body composition using dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in NCAA Division I collegiate equestrian athletes, 31 female collegiate equestrian athletes were matched to a population of normal controls by age and body mass index. Total and regional fat tissue mass (FM), lean tissue m...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/a-0863-4607
更新日期:2019-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Declines in exercise capacity throughout an individual's life span can affect function and can ultimately limit the ability to perform activities of daily living. Along with these changes in exercise capacity and function, studies have reported age-associated changes in several parameters of immune status including de...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-2007-972697
更新日期:1997-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Seventeen healthy male volunteers participated in this study designed to compare arterial with both arterialized venous and venous lactate kinetics after short exercise. Blood samples drawn before, during, and after bicycle exercise were analyzed continuously for lactate. A mathematical function incorporating two expo...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-2007-1024867
更新日期:1989-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Physical exercise activates blood coagulation and enhances fibrinolytic activity. To investigate whether these activations of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis are balanced post-exercise and during the period of recovery, 11 moderately active young men were examined immediately after a standardised cycle ergometer te...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-2007-971109
更新日期:1999-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Between the years 1977 and 1984, four javelin throwers with a stress fracture of the olecranon were seen and treated. In one patient, acute painful dislocation of the fracture occurred during a competitive throw. Two patients had stress fracture of the tip. The fracture treated conservatively healed in 18 months. The ...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-2008-1025760
更新日期:1986-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Blood pressure (BP) assessment during resistance exercise can be useful to avoid high BP, reducing cardiovascular risk, especially in hypertensive individuals. However, non-invasive accurate technique for this purpose is not available. The aim of this study was to compare finger photoplethysmographic (FPP) and intra-a...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-0030-1252054
更新日期:2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The electromyographic (EMG) activity of seven muscles of the trunk and lower extremity in five male masters level ski racers during a slalom turn in both alpine skiing and in-line skating was recorded using a telemetry system. Measurements were made on separate testing days using slopes commonly used in each activity ...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-2007-971943
更新日期:1998-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study aimed to describe injury/illness rates in ultratrail runners competing in a 65-km race to build a foundation for injury prevention and help race organizers to plan medical provision for these events. Prospectively transcribed medical records were analysed for 77 athletes at the end of the race. Number of in...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-0035-1569347
更新日期:2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The purpose of this study is to investigate whether a periosteum patch could enhance polyethylene terephthalate (PET) artificial ligament graft osseointegration in a bone tunnel. 12 female goats underwent ACL reconstruction with a PET artificial ligament graft in the right knees. Right knees in 6 goats were reconstruc...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-0042-102258
更新日期:2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Serum zinc was determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry in 160 training athletes (57 females) in the morning at rest. In 23.3% of the male and 43% of the female athletes, serum Zn was lower than the limit accepted for the normal range (75 microgram/dl or 11.5 mumol/l). The average serum Zn (96.7 +/- 12.6 m...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-2008-1034599
更新日期:1981-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::500 and 69 male former elite athletes and 319 male controls completed a health questionnaire in 1985 and in 1995. Register data on the subjects were also collected. Subjects were aged 65 years or less and had no history of hypertension in 1985, and they had been healthy at the age of 20 years. The athletes were groupe...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-2002-23176
更新日期:2002-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Because previous researchers have reported a reduced lactic acid production that accompanies a delayed or an absent ventilatory threshold (VTh) in water-based exercise, we hypothesized that the metaboreflex, activated by muscle acidosis, might be absent in fin swimming. This motor response, delaying the occurrence of ...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-0030-1251993
更新日期:2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Twenty-six male runners aged 14-16 years not yet specifically trained for sprint or middle-distance running performed a field test with distances of 25 m, 75 m, and 1000 m. Before the field test they were designated as sprinters (n = 19) and middle-distance runners (n = 7) according to their self-assessment and the es...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-2007-1024855
更新日期:1990-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have studied, on blood samples, the level of immunocompetence (concentration of immune cells, phagocytic process of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, proliferative response of lymphocytes to mitogens), the ascorbic acid content of such immunocompetent cells and the "stress hormone" status (cortisol, ACTH and beta-endo...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-2007-972900
更新日期:1996-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Based on the assumption that the stretch-shortening cycle is a natural way of muscle function, the occurrence of such a cycle was investigated in a diagonal technique of cross-country skiing. Cinematographic, special force platform, and telemetered EMG techniques were employed. The four subjects studied were all elite...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-2008-1025703
更新日期:1987-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have reviewed carbohydrate metabolism in skeletal muscle with an emphasis on recent information. In this review a significant number of points have been made. These are summarized below. 1. CP and glycogen are concomitantly metabolized during short-term (less than or equal to 10 s) intense exercise. 2. Both epineph...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-2007-1024932
更新日期:1989-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Aortic elastic properties are important determinants of left ventricular function. The aim of this study was to determine left ventricular diastolic function and aortic distensibility in endurance athletes. Thirty male runners and thirty age-matched healthy male controls took part in the study. All subjects underwent ...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-2004-820956
更新日期:2005-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The purpose of the present study was to ascertain whether increase in step frequency at a given velocity during running reduces the lower extremity loading variables, which is associated with tibial stress fracture in runner. We hypothesized that the lower extremity loading variables at a given speed would be minimize...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-0031-1291232
更新日期:2012-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The ratio between the amount of hemoglobin in the mature erythrocyte population and the reticulocytes (RBCHb:RetHb ratio) has previously been suggested as a marker to screen for EPO-abuse. We speculated that the reinfusion of blood would lead to a marked increase in this ratio, making it a valuable parameter in the sc...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-0028-1105938
更新日期:2009-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ten young male adults (mean age 46.9 +/- 1.2 yrs) with 9.2 +/- 1.4 years of weight training experience and the ability to parallel squat at least 1.5 times their body mass were selected as subjects. The exercise session consisted of sets of 10 repetitions at 65% 1-RM of the parallel leg squat, with a cadence of one re...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-2007-973013
更新日期:1995-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The anaerobic threshold (AnT) seems to be not only a physiologic boundary but also a transition after which swimmers technique changes, modifying their biomechanical behaviour. We expanded the AnT concept to a biophysical construct in the four conventional swimming techniques. Seventy-two elite swimmers performed a 5×...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/a-0975-9532
更新日期:2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The early vascular adaptation to indoor cycling, a popular activity at many fitness centres, is incompletely evaluated. Forty two healthy women (21-45 years) underwent measurements of arterial wall properties and geometry as well as a maximal bicycle exercise test before and after a 3 months period during which 21 of ...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/a-0800-1640
更新日期:2019-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The purpose of this study was to establish the validity of a 90-s all-out test for the estimation of maximal oxygen uptake (V.O (2max)) and submaximal aerobic ability as represented by critical power. We hypothesized that the fall in power output by the end of the 90-s all-out test (end power) would represent the exha...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-2006-924513
更新日期:2007-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of swimming exercise, without overloading, on the biomechanical parameters of the calcaneal tendon of rats. 27 male Wistar rats (70 days) were distributed randomly into 2 groups, Control Group (CG; n=15) with restricted movements inside the cage and Swimming Group (SG; ...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-0033-1345130
更新日期:2013-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The purpose of this investigation was to determine the oxygen consumption, heart rate and plasma lactate responses at the fatigue threshold (FT) and estimate the length of time the FT could be maintained. Ten adult males (mean age +/- SD = 21.1 +/- 1.3 yrs) volunteered to perform a maximal treadmill test and FT test. ...
journal_title:International journal of sports medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-2007-1024686
更新日期:1991-06-01 00:00:00