Abstract:
OBJECTIVE:To review the current pharmacotherapy for idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH). METHODS:A search of the primary literature was conducted by using MEDLINE, the National Institutes of Health medical research Web site (www.clinicaltrials.gov), and the United States Food and Drug Administration's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research Web site (www.fda.gov/cder). RESULTS:Until the early 1980s, conventional therapy for IPAH consisted of anticoagulation, diuretics, digitalis extracts, and supplemental oxygen, yet the 5-year mortality rate remained at 66%. Calcium channel blocker therapy was introduced with the hope that it would improve survival in patients with IPAH, but it was found to be effective in only approximately 25% of patients. In 1996, intravenous epoprostenol was the first drug to show long-term benefit on hemodynamics, exercise capacity, and survival. However, administration of epoprostenol requires a permanently indwelling central venous catheter, and tachyphylaxis is common, necessitating continuous dosage escalations. Subsequently, treprostinil, a prostacyclin analog of epoprostenol that can be administered by continuous subcutaneous infusion, was introduced, followed by aerosolized iloprost, a prostacyclin analog for inhalation. An increasing understanding of the multiple pathogeneses of IPAH led to the discovery of another target for drug therapy, and bosentan, an orally administered agent, became the first endothelin-receptor antagonist approved for treatment of IPAH. Most recently, the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, sildenafil, has received approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of IPAH. CONCLUSION:Recently developed pharmacotherapies offer greater effectiveness and safety than traditional agents for the treatment of IPAH.
journal_name
Pharmacotherapyjournal_title
Pharmacotherapyauthors
Hackman AM,Lackner TEdoi
10.1592/phco.2006.26.1.68subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2006-01-01 00:00:00pages
68-94issue
1eissn
0277-0008issn
1875-9114journal_volume
26pub_type
杂志文章,评审相关文献
PHARMACOTHERAPY文献大全abstract::We present a case of eosinophilic pneumonia due to ceftaroline used for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia associated with a postoperative spinal infection. Our patient developed shortness of breath and hypoxemia on the fifth week of ceftaroline therapy. Chest imaging disclosed dif...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/phar.1286
更新日期:2013-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although in the last few years new antidepressants have become available in the United States, responses in many patients differ, from none, to partial, to delayed therapeutic response to the agents. If the antidepressant properties of these drugs could be enhanced or accelerated, it might be possible to improve patie...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1592/phco.19.3.205.30921
更新日期:1999-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Aztreonam is the first monobactam available for use in this country. A parenteral antibiotic, its antibacterial spectrum is limited to gram-negative aerobic pathogens. The drug's pharmacologic, pharmacokinetic, and toxicologic properties are reviewed. Based on early experience in pediatric patients, certain recommenda...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::After injecting the solution extracted from a Primatene Mist inhaler, a patient experienced epinephrine overdose that resulted in an acute myocardial infarction and acute renal failure. The exact amount of epinephrine injected was unknown, but was thought to be between 82.5 and 124 mg, more than 25 times higher than t...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1998-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The clinical and economic impacts of bacterial resistance are substantial. The development of bacterial resistance during a course of therapy often leads to clinical failure, prolonged hospitalization, increased morbidity, mortality, and increased health care costs. Resistance has been reported to occur most frequentl...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass may develop clinically significant physiologic alterations in the perioperative period, including alteration of thyroid hormone concentrations. Alterations in the concentration of thyroid hormones are of concern due to the effects of these hormones on cardiac function. Hypoth...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1592/phco.21.17.1368.34425
更新日期:2001-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::For convenience, many pediatric hospitals are preparing solutions for continuous nebulized albuterol using the 0.5% 20-ml multidose albuterol dropper bottle. This product contains benzalkonium chloride (BAC) that, by itself, produces bronchospasm that is dose dependent and cumulative. The bronchoconstrictive effects o...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/phar.1929
更新日期:2017-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Rapacuronium is a new steroidal, nondepolarizing, neuromuscular blocking agent. It appears to be the least potent of all available nondepolarizing muscle relaxants. Its onset of action resembles that of succinylcholine, and its recovery times are shorter than those of other nondepolarizing agents. The clinical duratio...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1592/phco.19.15.1118.30572
更新日期:1999-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The atypical antipsychotic agents clozapine and risperidone bring new insight into the care and treatment of patients with schizophrenia. Since their introduction, several names (e.g., novel, atypical, serotonergic-dopaminergic antagonist) have been used to describe the nature of these compounds. The agents are unique...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1996-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Warfarin is considered a high-risk drug because of its narrow therapeutic window, variability in dose response, and multitude of drug and food interactions. Although travel advice is available for patients who are taking warfarin, it is geared toward patients who are traveling to developed countries and tends to be la...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/j.1875-9114.2012.01019.x
更新日期:2012-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) accounts for a significant percentage of morbidity and mortality among patients admitted to neurosurgical centers throughout the world. Even for individuals surviving beyond the initial presentation and intervention for aneurysmal SAH, the occurrence of cerebral vasospasm has t...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1592/phco.30.4.405
更新日期:2010-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVE:To establish the clinical equivalence (noninferiority) of one tablet containing abacavir 300 mg-lamivudine 150 mg-zidovudine 300 mg (Trizivir) versus a tablet containing lamivudine 150 mg-zidovudine 300 mg (Combivir) given with one abacavir (ABC) 300-mg tablet, administered twice/day, in antiretroviral-...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi:10.1592/phco.23.14.1432.31944
更新日期:2003-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hospital pharmacists are often consulted for their knowledge about coagulation and therapeutic interventions for the management of critical bleeding. Many pharmacotherapies are available for this purpose, both systemic and topical, and others are in development. These agents and their mechanisms of action are reviewed...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1592/phco.27.9part2.69S
更新日期:2007-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The authors sought to evaluate the impact on length of hospital stay and treatment duration of morphine after implementation of a change in the institutional protocol for managing neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) in an effort to improve patient outcomes. A single-center, retrospective chart review was conducted at a...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1002/phar.1966
更新日期:2017-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Data obtained from 23 critically ill patients treated with intravenous ciprofloxacin in two clinical trials were used to validate prospectively a previously developed maximum a posteriori (MAP)-Bayesian estimator and optimal plasma-sampling strategy (OSS). Dosages ranged from 200 mg every 12 hours to 400 mg every 8 ho...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1996-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The clinical significance of rifampin's induction of warfarin metabolism is well documented, but no published studies or case reports have quantified this interaction with respect to the international normalized ratio (INR). A patient receiving concomitant rifampin and warfarin to treat a mycobacterial infection and i...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1592/phco.21.15.1240.33897
更新日期:2001-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Antiretroviral (ART) therapy for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has undergone significant changes over the past 30 years. Many single-tablet regimens (STRs), including newer fixed-dose combination (FDC) tablets, are available, offering patients several options for choosing a treatment re...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/phar.2055
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ongoing improvements in immunosuppression and posttransplantation care have dramatically improved patient and graft outcomes after transplantation. The frequency of graft loss due to acute rejection has declined considerably as a result of the availability of a variety of more potent immunosuppressive agents and proba...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1592/phco.22.5.316.33198
更新日期:2002-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The prevalence of diabetes mellitus has grown to staggering numbers, and its incidence is expected to rise in the next 2 decades. The need for novel approaches to treat hyperglycemia cannot be ignored. Current agents have been shown to modestly improve glycemia and in some cases prevent complications of diabetes, but ...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/PHAR.1010
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVES:To determine the effects of atorvastatin on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) particle size and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis. Another objective was to compare the effects of atorvastatin on lipoprotein profiles as determined by direct ver...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1592/phco.25.3.335.61599
更新日期:2005-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The basic tenet of pharmaceutical care asserts that the delivery of optimal, cost-effective pharmacotherapy can be best achieved by identifying, resolving, and preventing drug-related problems. Drug use evaluation (DUE) is one of the primary tools used to achieve these ends. Fluoroquinolone antimicrobials meet Joint C...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1993-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cyclosporine can be given intravenously or orally, as a solution or soft gelatin capsule. Because of the drug's poor water solubility, ethoxylated plant fats and ethanol are added to the commercially available dosage forms. ...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic profile of fosphenytoin, a water-soluble phenytoin prodrug, after intramuscular and intravenous administration. DESIGN:Open-label study of intramuscular administration, and double-blind, randomized study of intravenous administration. SETTING:S...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi:
更新日期:1996-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The role of the formulary system for effective cost containment is becoming increasingly important. With antimicrobial agents taking up a large proportion of most pharmaceutical budgets, this group of agents is an obvious target for cost reduction. The responsible interchange of selected antimicrobial agents offers a ...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Abstract Cetuximab and panitumumab, monoclonal antibodies used to target the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), were recently approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for use as single agents or in combination with other chemotherapy drugs in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. The a...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1592/phco.28.11-supp.31S
更新日期:2008-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVES:To characterize patient sociodemographics and health, describe vancomycin treatment parameters and clinician-rated outcomes, and determine costs associated with treatment including preparation and administration, adverse events, and toxicity. DESIGN:A prospective study to develop a model for costs ass...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1994-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Among various forms of hearing loss, there are acute (within 72 hrs) or subacute (weeks to months) presentations that may be reversible with early pharmacological intervention. The workup of a patient presenting with hypoacusia includes the usual history and physical examination in conjunction with an audiometric asse...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1002/phar.2044
更新日期:2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Erectile dysfunction, a problem estimated to affect up to 30 million American men, is associated with a number of systemic illnesses and drugs. Age is not thought to be an independent risk factor for the disorder, but accompanying illnesses and their treatments may contribute to its onset. Newer classes of antihyperte...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1592/phco.19.8.573.31526
更新日期:1999-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVE:To compare the performance of polyclonal fluorescence polarization immunoassay (pFPIA) with that of enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) in patients receiving vancomycin and hemodialysis. SETTING:Outpatient hemodialysis center. PATIENTS:Seven subjects with end-stage renal disease treated wit...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1592/phco.20.7.653.35177
更新日期:2000-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The frequency of type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasing at an alarming rate. Prediabetes, also referred to as impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and/or impaired fasting glucose, is a major risk factor for development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In addition, IGT has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascul...
journal_title:Pharmacotherapy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1592/phco.24.4.362.33170
更新日期:2004-03-01 00:00:00