Abstract：
:The term 'learned helplessness' refers to a constellation of behavioral changes that follow exposure to stressors that are not controllable by means of behavioral responses, but that fail to occur if the stressor is controllable. This paper discusses the nature of learned helplessness, as well as the role of the dorsal raphe nucleus, serotonin, and corticotropin-releasing hormone in mediating the behavioral effects of uncontrollable stressors. Recent research indicates that (a) uncontrollable stressors sensitize serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe, and that a corticotropin-releasing factor-related ligand, acting at the Type II receptor, is essential to this sensitization process, and (b) the consequent exaggerated release of serotonin in response to subsequent input is at least in part responsible for the behavioral changes that occur. Finally, implications for the general role of corticotropin-releasing hormone in stress-related phenomena and for the learned helplessness paradigm as an animal model of either depression or anxiety are discussed.
journal_name
Neurosci Biobehav Revjournal_title
Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviewsauthors
Maier SF,Watkins LRdoi
10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.03.021subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2005-01-01 00:00:00pages
829-41issue
4-5eissn
0149-7634issn
1873-7528pii
S0149-7634(05)00050-3journal_volume
29pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Insulin receptors are known to be located on nerve cells in mammalian brain. The binding of insulin to dimerized receptors stimulates specialized transporter proteins that mediate the facilitated influx of glucose. However, neurons possess other mechanisms by which they obtain glucose, including transporters that are ...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0149-7634(00)00040-3
更新日期：2000-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Empathy allows individuals to share the affective states of others, predict others' actions, and stimulate prosocial behavior. Whilst the proximate mechanisms of empathy, modulated in part by neuropeptides such as oxytocin, control the ways we interact with our social environment, the ultimate causes seem to have aris...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.05.001
更新日期：2013-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The study of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) system has benefited from the identification, classification and cloning of multiple 5-HT receptors (5-HT1 to 5-HT7). Growing evidence suggests that 5-HT is important in learning and memory and all its receptors might be implicated in this. Actually, 5-HT pathways, 5-HT reuptake...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0149-7634(99)00067-6
更新日期：1999-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The possible implication of 5-HT2 receptors in CNS disorders such as schizophrenia, anxiety and depression suggests that 5-HT2 antagonists may be useful in the treatment of these disorders. The present review examines behavioral procedures used to characterize 5-HT2 antagonist properties of compounds and behavioral mo...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0149-7634(05)80056-9
更新日期：1992-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We have shown repeatedly that pre-treatment of neonatal rats with dexamethasone provides protection against hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. Although the mechanism of action is not certain, hypothermia, an alteration in cerebral perfusion or an induction of antioxidant enzymes does not readily explain this effect. A rel...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0149-7634(96)00007-3
更新日期：1997-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The effects of a number of 5-HT receptor ligands were examined on nonopioid defensive analgesia in male DBA/2 mice. MDL 73005EF (0.05-1.0 mg/kg), a selective 5-HT1A receptor agonist, potently and dose-dependently inhibited the analgesic consequences of social defeat. CGS 12066B (0.5-10.0 mg/kg) and MK-212 (0.3-10.0 mg...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0149-7634(05)80137-x
更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There is considerable variability among people in their response to bereavement. While most people adapt well to bereavement, some develop exaggerated and/or pathological responses and may meet criteria for a major depressive episode. Many studies have investigated the effect of psychosocial factors on bereavement out...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.12.013
更新日期：2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A systematic review with meta-analyses was performed to: 1) quantify the association between ADHD and risk of unintentional physical injuries in children/adolescents ("risk analysis"); 2) assess the effect of ADHD medications on this risk ("medication analysis"). We searched 114 databases through June 2017. For the ri...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.11.007
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Past functional magnetic resonance imaging on antisocial subjects have shown important inconsistencies and methodological problems (e.g. heterogeneity in fMRI tasks domain, small sample sizes, analyses on regions-of-interest). We aimed to conduct a meta-analysis of whole-brain fMRI studies on antisocial individuals ba...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.013
更新日期：2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Guinea pigs exhibit a rich and varied social organization. Studies in recent years have demonstrated that social stimuli have widespread neuroendocrine effects in guinea pigs. Here, effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal, adrenal medullary/sympathetic, and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal systems of both adult an...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0149-7634(99)00013-5
更新日期：1999-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:After right posterior brain damage, patients may ignore events occurring on their left, a condition known as unilateral neglect. Although deficits at different levels of impairment may be at work in different patients, the frequency and severity of attentional problems in neglect patients have been repeatedly underlin...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0149-7634(01)00065-3
更新日期：2002-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The present paper provides an overview of findings that implicate growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and somatostatin (SS), the two peptides that regulate growth hormone secretion, in the central regulation of feeding. Evidence is presented that GHRH and SS increase food intake, in the rat, via a common centrally...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0149-7634(94)90055-8
更新日期：1994-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Response inhibition has been shown to be associated with monoamine-related gene polymorphisms, although evidence is inconclusive. To comprehensively examine these genotype effects on behavioural correlates of response inhibition in non-clinical adult populations, we performed a two-step approach. A systematic review o...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.11.009
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The problems and issues associated with the use of pharmacological antagonists in studies on learning and memory are considered in a review of the role of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, NMDA receptor-mediated long-term potentiation (LTP), and muscarinic receptors in spatial learning in the water maze. The evid...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0149-7634(97)00005-5
更新日期：1998-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In contrast to well-documented deficits in the core social cognitive domains of social perception and theory of mind (ToM), how Parkinson's disease (PD) affects one's empathic capacity remains poorly understood. The current study provides the first meta-analytic review of both ToM and empathy as broad constructs, and ...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.030
更新日期：2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Abnormalities in the simplest form of learning, habituation, have been reported in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders as etiologically diverse as Autism Spectrum Disorder, Fragile X syndrome, Schizophrenia, Parkinson's Disease, Huntington's Disease, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Tourette's Syndrome, a...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.028
更新日期：2017-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although pain is one of the major clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) and multiple sclerosis (MS), it is often neglected and therefore undertreated. The question why the perception of pain in stages without cognitive impairment is not affected by the neuropathology has not been addressed so far. Furthermore,...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.03.001
更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Water intake may or may not be associated with sodium appetite. There are excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms that control these behaviors whose mediators and interactions are unclear. We investigated the effects of specific antisera against angiotensin II (AB-AII) and atrial natriuretic peptide (AB-ANP) on the induc...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0149-7634(96)00052-8
更新日期：1997-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pupillometry, measuring pupil size and reactivity, has been proposed as a measure of autonomic nervous system functioning, the latter which might be altered in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study aims to evaluate if pupillary responses differ in individuals with and without ASD. After performin...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.032
更新日期：2020-10-22 00:00:00
abstract：:Drug addiction is a chronic and relapsing disorder in which repeated drug exposure compromises brain neuroplasticity. Brain areas normally involved in learning and goal-directed behaviors become corrupted, which may lead to cognitive deficits that coexist with other addiction symptoms and predict a worse treatment out...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.11.015
更新日期：2019-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Rapid instructed task learning (RITL) is one of the most remarkable human abilities, when considered from both computational and evolutionary perspectives. A key feature of RITL is that it enables new goals to be immediately pursued (and shared) following formation of task representations. Although RITL is a form of c...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.009
更新日期：2017-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We conducted a series of activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analyses to determine the commonalities and distinctions between separate levels of emotion perception, namely incidental perception, passive perception, and explicit evaluation of emotional expressions. Pooling together more than 180 neuroimaging ex...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.020
更新日期：2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Literature has suggested that attachment insecurity has been previously associated with subsequent onset of several psychiatric conditions characterized by emotion dysregulation. Nevertheless, only few studies have investigated the neurobiological basis of attachment style and whether attachment insecurity may share a...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.11.002
更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Behavioral sensitization is a progressive, enduring enhancement of behaviors that develops following repeated stimulant administration. It is mediated in part by dopaminergic pathways that also modulate a number of psychiatric conditions including the development of psychosis. We propose that down-regulation of D3 dop...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0149-7634(01)00023-9
更新日期：2001-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Parkinson's disease (PD) is a devastating diagnosis with, however, potential for an extremely intriguing aesthetic component. Despite motor and cognitive deficits, an emerging collection of studies report a burst of visual artistic output and alterations in produced art in a subgroup of patients. This provides a uniqu...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.12.016
更新日期：2019-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Maternal obesity in pregnancy is associated with neurobehavioral problems in the offspring. Establishing causality has been challenging in existing human studies, due to confounding by genetic and postnatal environment. Animal experiments can improve our understanding of this association. This systematic review examin...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.12.023
更新日期：2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The locus coeruleus (LC), the major origin of noradrenergic modulation of the central nervous system, innervates extensive areas throughout the brain and is implicated in a variety of autonomic and cognitive functions. Alterations in the LC-noradrenergic system have been associated with healthy ageing and neuropsychia...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.10.023
更新日期：2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Conditioned drug craving and withdrawal elicited by cues paired with drug use or acute withdrawal are among the many factors contributing to compulsive drug taking. Understanding how to stop these cues from having these effects is a major goal of addiction research. Extinction is a form of learning in which associatio...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.01.011
更新日期：2010-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Stressful events have been implicated in the precipitation of depression and anxiety. These disorders may evolve owing to one or more of an array of neuronal changes that occur in several brain regions. It seems likely that these stressor-provoked neurochemical alterations are moderated by genetic determinants, as wel...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.03.001
更新日期：2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The methods used to obtain psychophysical data on the nasal chemosensory systems of all classes of vertebrates are critically reviewed and a summary of the available data on their odor detection and discrimination abilities is provided. Although there are reliable methods for training at least one member of each class...
journal_title：Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0149-7634(85)90021-1
更新日期：1985-10-01 00:00:00
