Abstract:
:For almost 70 years, children have received stimulants for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [ADHD (initially called hyperkinetic syndrome)], with little understanding of the long-term effects of these drugs on brain development. The maturation and refinement of the brain during childhood and adolescence, including the overproduction and selective elimination of synapses, is based on genetic programming and experience. The effects of stimulant drugs during different stages of this process have unique short-term, acute effects that also influence their long-term effects. Chronic, pre-pubertal exposure alters the expected developmental trajectory of brain structure and function and results in a different topography in adulthood. The timing of exposure (childhood versus adolescence), the age of examination after drug exposure (immediately or delayed into adulthood) and sex influence the observable effects. Preclinical studies of the effects of stimulant exposure provide increased understanding about the impact of stimulant drugs on brain development and provide insight into new treatment options for ADHD and other disorders of childhood.
journal_name
Trends Pharmacol Scijournal_title
Trends in pharmacological sciencesauthors
Andersen SLdoi
10.1016/j.tips.2005.03.009subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2005-05-01 00:00:00pages
237-43issue
5eissn
0165-6147issn
1873-3735pii
S0165-6147(05)00084-2journal_volume
26pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::B7x (B7 homolog x, also known as B7-H4, B7S1, and VTCN1) was discovered by ourselves and others in 2003 as the seventh member of the B7 family. It is an inhibitory immune checkpoint of great significance to human disease. Tissue-expressed B7x minimizes autoimmune and inflammatory responses. It is overexpressed in a br...
journal_title:Trends in pharmacological sciences
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journal_title:Trends in pharmacological sciences
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journal_title:Trends in pharmacological sciences
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更新日期:2000-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors are a family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that regulate cell physiology throughout the nervous system. The potential of mGlu receptors as therapeutic targets has been bolstered by current research that has provided insight into the diverse modes of mGlu activation ...
journal_title:Trends in pharmacological sciences
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abstract::Carbonic anhydrase isoform IX (CA IX) is highly overexpressed in many types of cancer. Its expression, which is regulated by the HIF-1 transcription factor, is strongly induced by hypoxia and correlates with a poor response to classical chemo- and radiotherapies. CA IX contributes to acidification of the tumor environ...
journal_title:Trends in pharmacological sciences
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abstract::Seven-transmembrane receptors are prototypic allosteric proteins with the ability to adopt numerous conformations, many of which interact with cellular partners to initiate cellular biochemical processes. Defining efficacy as the ability of ligands to stabilize some of these conformations (which, in turn, possess phys...
journal_title:Trends in pharmacological sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tips.2007.06.009
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abstract::Three 'alpha 1-adrenoceptors' and three 'alpha 2-adrenoceptors' have now been cloned. How closely do these receptors match the native receptors that have been identified pharmacologically? What are the properties of these receptors, and how do they relate to other members of the cationic amine receptor family? Kevin L...
journal_title:Trends in pharmacological sciences
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journal_title:Trends in pharmacological sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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abstract::Pharmacologists have studied receptors for more than a century but a molecular understanding of their properties has emerged only during the past 30-35 years. In this article, I provide a personal retrospective of how developments and discoveries primarily during the 1970s and 1980s led to current concepts about the l...
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pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
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abstract::The breast cancer resistance protein [BCRP (also known as ABCG2)] belongs to the ATP binding cassette (ABC) family of transmembrane drug transporters. BCRP has a broad substrate specificity and actively extrudes a wide variety of drugs, carcinogens and dietary toxins from cells. Situated in the apical plasma membrane ...
journal_title:Trends in pharmacological sciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:Trends in pharmacological sciences
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journal_title:Trends in pharmacological sciences
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doi:10.1016/j.tips.2007.10.002
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abstract::Upregulation of binding to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) is observed in the brains of both smokers and animals chronically exposed to nicotine, although whether this in vivo change is accompanied by an increase in receptor function is unknown. In vitro recordings indicate that alpha4beta2- and alpha7-subt...
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journal_title:Trends in pharmacological sciences
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doi:10.1016/j.tips.2008.11.006
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journal_title:Trends in pharmacological sciences
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abstract::Neuromodulin is a neurospecific calmodulin binding protein that is implicated in neurite extension, axonal elongation and long-term potentiation. Yuechueng Liu and Daniel Storm propose that neuromodulin binds and concentrates calmodulin on growth cone membranes and that stimulation of protein kinase C releases high lo...
journal_title:Trends in pharmacological sciences
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journal_title:Trends in pharmacological sciences
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abstract::Current concepts of the mechanisms underlying many of the pharmacological effects of ethanol on the CNS involve disruption of ion channel function via the interaction of ethanol with specific hydrophobic sites on channel subunit proteins. Of particular clinical importance is the development of tolerance and dependence...
journal_title:Trends in pharmacological sciences
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abstract::The myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) is the 'queen bee' of the tumor microenvironment. MDSCs protect the cancer from the patient's immune system, make the tumor resistant to immunotherapy, and allow the tumor to thrive while the patient withers away. Eliminating MDSCs should improve response rates to cancer ther...
journal_title:Trends in pharmacological sciences
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abstract::Protein engineering is a powerful tool for studying relationships between receptor structure and function--providing that it is used and interpreted appropriately. Site-directed mutagenesis, deletion mutagenesis and construction of chimaeric proteins have all been used to characterize receptors. In this review, Walter...
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journal_title:Trends in pharmacological sciences
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
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abstract::Traditional African medicine (TAM) is a shorthand reference to indigenous forms of healing that are practiced all over Africa. Although TAM is based on the accumulated experience of ancient Africans, its mode of transmission by word-of-mouth has hindered emergence of a generally accepted theory and hence of the system...
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abstract::In the past 20 years we have learned a great deal about GABAA receptor (GABAAR) subtypes, and which behaviors are regulated or which drug effects are mediated by each subtype. However, the question of where GABAARs involved in specific drug effects and behaviors are located in the brain remains largely unanswered. We ...
journal_title:Trends in pharmacological sciences
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doi:10.1016/j.tips.2018.04.003
更新日期:2018-08-01 00:00:00