Abstract：
:Early diagnosis of HCC is possible because certain risk factors for this tumor are known and because sensitive and relatively inexpensive diagnostic tools are available. Early diagnosis of HCC is also possible because of the long phase of asymptomatic tumor growth and the tumor's tendency to grow as a solitary mass in many patients. In two consensus development conferences held in Anchorage, Alaska and in Milan, Italy, chronic carriers of HBsAg, patients with cirrhosis, patients with rare metabolic liver diseases, and individuals with family histories of HCC were identified as patients at high risk for HCC and therefore as candidates for periodic screening. At the Anchorage conference, it was recommended that healthy carriers have at least yearly determinations of serum AFP and that carriers with additional risk factors (e.g., cirrhosis) be screened every 6 months by abdominal US scans and determination of serum AFP levels. No specific recommendations were released for HBsAg-negative patients with chronic liver disease. At the Milan conference, it was recommend that patients with cirrhosis or with certain congenital metabolic conditions known to be at risk for HCC should be screened by AFP determination and US scan twice a year. It was also recommended that HBsAg carriers older than 35 years or with family histories of HCC should be screened for HCC by determinations of serum AFP levels and aminotransferase levels once a year.
journal_name
Clin Liver Disjournal_title
Clinics in liver diseaseauthors
Colombo Mdoi
10.1016/s1089-3261(05)70156-2subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2001-02-01 00:00:00pages
109-22issue
1eissn
1089-3261issn
1557-8224pii
S1089-3261(05)70156-2journal_volume
5pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Imaging and imaging guided intervention have revolutionized the management of hepatic inflammatory diseases. Pyogenic abscess is preferentially treated percutaneously. Radiologic techniques are crucial for the diagnosis of amebic liver abscess and infectious conditions of the liver in immunocompromised patients. ...
journal_title：Clinics in liver disease
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1089-3261(03)00073-4
更新日期：2002-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Newer noninvasive tests have begun to replace liver biopsy for staging purposes. The clinician must evaluate these tools and apply them to individual patients. None of these modalities give the exact same staging of fibrosis as a liver biopsy, but they are excellent tools for risk stratification. Still, it should be r...
journal_title：Clinics in liver disease
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cld.2014.09.007
更新日期：2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The past decade has brought tremendous growth in the under-standing of the pathophysiologic mechanisms involved in cholestasis, both at the genetic and acquired levels. The discovery and characterization of an array of hepatobiliary transport proteins, the nuclear receptors that regulate them, and the potential clinic...
journal_title：Clinics in liver disease
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/S1089-3261(03)00125-9
更新日期：2004-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Standard therapy with pegylated interferon and ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C is effective in 40% to 50% of individuals with genotype 1 hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and is associated with significant treatment-related toxicities. Newly developed small molecules that target key enzymes essential for HCV replica...
journal_title：Clinics in liver disease
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cld.2009.05.009
更新日期：2009-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Renal dysfunction is a frequent complication in patients with endstage liver disease awaiting orthotopic liver transplantation. Although the stereotypical form of renal dysfunction is the hepatorenal syndrome, common causes of acute kidney injury include prerenal azotemia and acute tubular necrosis in this population....
journal_title：Clinics in liver disease
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cld.2011.08.001
更新日期：2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:HCV infection becomes persistent in many patients who are otherwise immune competent. There is increasing support for potential contribution of innate immune response and viral interference with its components to the subsequent outcome. As for the adaptive immune response, humoral immunity may be largely ineffective d...
journal_title：Clinics in liver disease
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1089-3261(02)00068-5
更新日期：2003-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) can be predictable or idiosyncratic and has an estimated incidence of approximately 20 cases per 100,000 persons per year. DILI is a common cause of acute liver failure in the United States. No accurate tests for diagnosing DILI exist, and its diagnosis is based on exclusion of other c...
journal_title：Clinics in liver disease
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cld.2016.08.012
更新日期：2017-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Scientists and clinicians have made tremendous advances in understanding the pathogenesis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and have developed impressive strategies for treating this hepatotropic virus in the short time since its discovery in 1989. This article goes beyond the current guidelines for the treatment o...
journal_title：Clinics in liver disease
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cld.2006.08.024
更新日期：2006-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The most consistently identified predictive factors for a response to both IFN-alpha monotherapy and IFN-alpha in combination with ribavirin are a low HCV RNA level, the absence of fibrosis, infection with HCV genotype 2 and 3, and a prolonged duration of treatment. In addition, an early response to IFN-alpha predicts...
journal_title：Clinics in liver disease
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1089-3261(05)70238-5
更新日期：1999-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is recognized as a global health problem and as a common cause of chronic liver disease. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) carries an increased risk for development of advanced liver disease. Lifestyle modifications with diet and exercise have been the initial management reco...
journal_title：Clinics in liver disease
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cld.2017.06.010
更新日期：2017-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mathematical modeling of hepatitis C viral kinetics has been an important tool in understanding hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection dynamics and in estimating crucial in vivo parameters characterizing the effectiveness of HCV therapy. Because of the introduction of direct-acting antiviral agents, there is a need to exte...
journal_title：Clinics in liver disease
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cld.2012.09.003
更新日期：2013-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A human betaretrovirus has been characterized in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and the related mouse mammary tumor virus linked with autoimmune biliary disease in the NOD.c3c4 mouse model. Translational studies have been performed in patients who have PBC to investigate the role of viral infection in d...
journal_title：Clinics in liver disease
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cld.2008.02.006
更新日期：2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Liver transplantation in pediatrics has become an accepted modality of treatment in end-stage liver disease and irreversible acute liver failure. Biliary atresia is the most common indication requiring liver transplantation in children. The diagnosis and causes of acute liver failure in children differ from those in a...
journal_title：Clinics in liver disease
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cld.2007.04.001
更新日期：2007-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although recent evidence indicates that the quasispecies nature of HCV constitutes a critical strategy for the virus to survive in the host, the mechanisms of viral persistence remain unknown. Similarly, the correlates of immune protection in a limited proportion of individuals who succeed in clearing HCV are still la...
journal_title：Clinics in liver disease
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1089-3261(05)70200-2
更新日期：2001-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The DILI-sim Initiative is a public-private partnership using quantitative systems toxicology to build a model (DILIsym) capable of understanding and predicting liver safety liabilities in drug candidates. The effort has provided insights into mechanisms underlying dose-dependent drug-induced liver injury (DILI) and i...
journal_title：Clinics in liver disease
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cld.2019.09.003
更新日期：2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Despite significant advances in nonsurgical treatments of hepatocellular carcinoma, these approaches rarely result in cure. Surgery remains the mainstay of curative therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver transplantation, in particular, has emerged as one of the most beneficial therapeutic modalities. Questions re...
journal_title：Clinics in liver disease
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.cld.2011.03.005
更新日期：2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The global risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been largely driven by hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection for the past century, along with hepatitis C virus (HCV), aflatoxin, excessive alcohol consumption, and obesity/diabetes. The dominant effect of HBV on global HCC risk should decline as the population vaccina...
journal_title：Clinics in liver disease
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cld.2011.03.006
更新日期：2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Liver transplant (LT) is now an established indication for patients with chronic hepatitis B, mainly because of the development and use of hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) and oral antivirals for prophylaxis. The combination of low-dose HBIG and antivirals has been considered the standard prophylaxis regimen to preve...
journal_title：Clinics in liver disease
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cld.2016.06.004
更新日期：2016-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Understanding of the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis on a molecular level has led to the identification of several putative serum markers of hepatic fibrosis. Either individually or in combination, these serum markers appear capable of determining early and advanced hepatic fibrosis. Radiological determination of hep...
journal_title：Clinics in liver disease
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cld.2005.08.002
更新日期：2005-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In this article, the 4 phases of chronic HBV infection are reviewed and the factors that are associated with disease progression and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cirrhosis are discussed. Also discussed is what is known to date about how to identify persons at the highest risk of developing HCC...
journal_title：Clinics in liver disease
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cld.2010.05.007
更新日期：2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Primary biliary cirrhosis is an insidious disease that progresses through the clinical phases: preclinical, asymptomatic, symptomatic, and liver insufficiency. The outlook of patients diagnosed with PBC has improved significantly over the past 2 decades because more patients are being diagnosed earlier in the disease ...
journal_title：Clinics in liver disease
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cld.2008.02.012
更新日期：2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The greatest challenge facing liver transplantation today is the shortage of donor livers. Demand far exceeds supply, and this deficit has driven expansion of what is considered an acceptable organ. The evolving standard has not come without costs, however, as each new frontier of expanded donor quality (i.e., advanci...
journal_title：Clinics in liver disease
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cld.2014.05.005
更新日期：2014-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hepatic changes resulting from the regular ingestion of alcohol are many and include fat infiltration, alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Only 10% to 15% of chronic alcoholics develop liver disease. Women are more susceptible. An area of considerable importance is the high prevalence of concomitant infection with hep...
journal_title：Clinics in liver disease
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1089-3261(05)70099-4
更新日期：2000-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Autoimmune liver diseases have much in common with each other, and there are clear associations with genetic haplotypes. Elegant studies have shown autoimmune liver disease induced by viruses and drugs. Although there is evidence for nonimmunological events precipitating immune disease, especially in primary sclerosin...
journal_title：Clinics in liver disease
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1089-3261(05)70005-2
更新日期：1998-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Epidemiologic studies suggest that 10% to 15% of patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) are coinfected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) in the United States as a result of the shared modality of transmission, but the true prevalence is not known. The progression of liver disease to cirrhosis and hepatocellular car...
journal_title：Clinics in liver disease
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cld.2019.04.003
更新日期：2019-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy is predominantly clinical, and the tests available assist in the diagnosis only by excluding other causes. Covert hepatic encephalopathy, which is defined as abnormal performance on psychometric tests when standard neurologic examination is completely normal, has gained widespre...
journal_title：Clinics in liver disease
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cld.2015.04.001
更新日期：2015-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There have been major advances in the field of hepatitis B (HBV) over the last few decades. These advances have resulted in the understanding of the natural history of chronic HBV infection, effective vaccines against the virus, sensitive assays for screening and monitoring of treatment, and effective treatments for v...
journal_title：Clinics in liver disease
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cld.2010.05.003
更新日期：2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The risk for potential transmission of infectious agents during gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy is concerning for patients and physicians. However, the instance of infection transmission remains rare after GI endoscopy procedures, with an estimated frequency of 1 in 1.8 million procedures. Endoscopy-related infection ...
journal_title：Clinics in liver disease
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cld.2009.11.012
更新日期：2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) is increasingly recognized as an important and common public health problem that can lead to cirrhosis and hepatic failure. Because it is often asymptomatic,many people may not know that they have it. NAFL is closely linked to obesity, which in the United States and other developed coun...
journal_title：Clinics in liver disease
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cld.2004.04.008
更新日期：2004-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Bile acid synthetic defects are uncommon disorders that cause progressive cholestatic liver disease that is often lethal in infancy or early childhood. Five specific primary defects have been described. Diagnosis is based on mass spectrometry of urine and serum. Pathogenesis of liver injury is related to persistent re...
journal_title：Clinics in liver disease
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1089-3261(05)70144-6
更新日期：2000-11-01 00:00:00
