Abstract:
:Nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) is increasingly recognized as an important and common public health problem that can lead to cirrhosis and hepatic failure. Because it is often asymptomatic,many people may not know that they have it. NAFL is closely linked to obesity, which in the United States and other developed countries is becoming more common. Consequently, the proportion of the population affected by NAFL will likely increase. Despite the growing importance of this condition, knowledge of the epidemiology of NAFL is limited by the lack of an accurate,noninvasive measure for use in screening of the general population. This article reviews information available from studies with relatively unselected samples with regard to prevalence, demographics,and risk factors for NAFL.
journal_name
Clin Liver Disjournal_title
Clinics in liver diseaseauthors
Ruhl CE,Everhart JEdoi
10.1016/j.cld.2004.04.008subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2004-08-01 00:00:00pages
501-19, viiissue
3eissn
1089-3261issn
1557-8224pii
S1089326104000388journal_volume
8pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Patients with sickle cell disease can develop liver disease as a result of intrahepatic sickling of erythrocytes, viral hepatitis and iron overload secondary to multiple blood transfusions, and gallstone disease as a result of chronic hemolysis. The spectrum of clinical liver disease is wide and often multifactorial. ...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2018.12.002
更新日期:2019-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The DILI-sim Initiative is a public-private partnership using quantitative systems toxicology to build a model (DILIsym) capable of understanding and predicting liver safety liabilities in drug candidates. The effort has provided insights into mechanisms underlying dose-dependent drug-induced liver injury (DILI) and i...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2019.09.003
更新日期:2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The term "alcoholic liver disease" encompasses a spectrum of pathologic conditions ranging from isolated steatosis to established cirrhosis. Within this spectrum, varying degrees of inflammation, hepatocellular ballooning degeneration, hepatocyte necrosis, cholestasis, and fibrosis may be encountered. This article rev...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2016.02.006
更新日期:2016-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have many treatment options. For patients with surgical indication, consideration of future liver remnant and the surgical complexity of the procedure is essential. A new 3-level complexity classification categorizing 11 liver resection procedures predicts surgical complexi...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2020.07.004
更新日期:2020-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::A variety of benign and malignant neoplasms can be encountered in the liver. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained tissue sections alone may not yield sufficient information to definitively diagnose liver tumors; therefore, ancillary studies with immunohistochemical markers can play a crucial role in differentiating the diffe...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2010.10.001
更新日期:2010-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although recent evidence indicates that the quasispecies nature of HCV constitutes a critical strategy for the virus to survive in the host, the mechanisms of viral persistence remain unknown. Similarly, the correlates of immune protection in a limited proportion of individuals who succeed in clearing HCV are still la...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s1089-3261(05)70200-2
更新日期:2001-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hepatocellular carcinoma can be treated using minimally invasive, image-guided, catheter-based or percutaneous techniques. Such procedures offer compelling clinical outcomes with a favorable side-effect profile in a population of patients who are poor candidates for surgical or systemic treatment. This article discuss...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2015.01.008
更新日期:2015-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Current prophylactic measures have greatly reduced recurrence rates of hepatitis B after liver transplantation. HBIG remains a critically important compound and although there is variability in dosing regimens and target anti-HBs levels, it is the backbone of recurrence prevention. Adjuvant therapies with nucleoside/n...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2004.02.011
更新日期:2004-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::In summary, re-OLT accounts for 10% of all OLTs performed and is associated with significantly increased resource use, and decreased survival compared with primary OLT. After transplantation into an HCV-infected recipient, infection of the allograft by HCV is invariable. As patients survive longer after liver transpla...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s1089-3261(03)00053-9
更新日期:2003-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Steatosis is a common finding in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) due to a combination of the direct steatogenic effect of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and the prevalence of metabolic risk factors in the HCV population. Steatosis is now established as a risk factor for disease progression in CHC and significantly im...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2004.06.007
更新日期:2004-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Despite significant advances in nonsurgical treatments of hepatocellular carcinoma, these approaches rarely result in cure. Surgery remains the mainstay of curative therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver transplantation, in particular, has emerged as one of the most beneficial therapeutic modalities. Questions re...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2011.03.005
更新日期:2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::HCV infection becomes persistent in many patients who are otherwise immune competent. There is increasing support for potential contribution of innate immune response and viral interference with its components to the subsequent outcome. As for the adaptive immune response, humoral immunity may be largely ineffective d...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s1089-3261(02)00068-5
更新日期:2003-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Both covert hepatic encephalopathy (CHE) and overt hepatic encephalopathy (OHE) impair the ability to operate machinery. The legal responsibilities of US physicians who diagnose and treat patients with hepatic encephalopathy vary among states. It is imperative that physicians know the laws regarding reporting in their...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2015.04.004
更新日期:2015-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Viral hepatitis can cause a wide spectrum of clinical presentations from a benign form with minimal or no symptoms to acute liver failure or death. Hepatitis D coinfection and superinfection have distinct clinical courses, with the latter more likely leading to chronic infection. Management of chronic hepatitis D viru...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2020.04.008
更新日期:2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is increasing at an astonishing rate in the US population. Although only a small proportion of these patients develop steatohepatitis (NASH), those who do have a greater likelihood of developing end-stage liver disease and complications. Research on liver fibrosis and ...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2012.05.002
更新日期:2012-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Imaging and imaging guided intervention have revolutionized the management of hepatic inflammatory diseases. Pyogenic abscess is preferentially treated percutaneously. Radiologic techniques are crucial for the diagnosis of amebic liver abscess and infectious conditions of the liver in immunocompromised patients. ...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s1089-3261(03)00073-4
更新日期:2002-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) represents a continuum of transient and reversible neurologic and psychiatric dysfunction. It is a reversible state of impaired cognitive function or altered consciousness in patients with liver disease or portosystemic shunting. Over the last several years, high-quality studies have been c...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2012.03.009
更新日期:2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hepatic granulomas are a common finding in systemic sarcoidosis, but most patients remain asymptomatic. Elevated alkaline phosphatase is the most common sign of hepatic sarcoidosis (HS). Lacking a specific diagnostic test, the diagnosis of HS is one of exclusion. Therapy may be indicated in a minority of patients to c...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2018.12.012
更新日期:2019-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Primary liver cancer is the fifth most common malignancy worldwide and the third leading cause of cancer mortality. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in the United States encompassing a spectrum of entities marked by hepatic steatosis in the absence of significant alco...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2009.07.007
更新日期:2009-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The study of hepatitis C virus (HCV) molecular virology is helping to shape the future of our anti-HCV strategies by identifying new antiviral targets. With the advent of agents that specifically target individual HCV proteins, HCV-specific therapy has arrived. Key to these efforts is the development of high-efficienc...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2005.05.013
更新日期:2005-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is emerging as the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. This trend is, in part, secondary, to the growing incidence of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Other risk factors include age, gender, race/ethnicity, genetic predisposition, and polycystic ovari...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2017.08.008
更新日期:2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Biochemical cholestasis after liver transplantation is common and often has no clinical significance if biliary anastomosis strictures and leaks have been excluded. There is no agreed upon definition for severe cholestasis, but it is associated with a worse mortality. There has been little evaluation on risk factors, ...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2007.11.001
更新日期:2008-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::A human betaretrovirus has been characterized in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and the related mouse mammary tumor virus linked with autoimmune biliary disease in the NOD.c3c4 mouse model. Translational studies have been performed in patients who have PBC to investigate the role of viral infection in d...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2008.02.006
更新日期:2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article reviews the spectrum of alcohol use disorders. The pharmacologic properties of ethanol and its metabolism, and the historical, physical, and laboratory elements that may help diagnose an alcohol use disorder are examined. The concepts of motivational interviewing and stages of change are mentioned, along ...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2012.08.006
更新日期:2012-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pharmacologic management of hepatic encephalopathy includes a broad range of therapies. This article covers the specific mainstays of therapies, such as antimicrobials and laxatives, with an established evidence base. This article also covers newer modalities of therapies, such as fecal microbiota transplant, probioti...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2020.01.005
更新日期:2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::There have been major advances in the field of hepatitis B (HBV) over the last few decades. These advances have resulted in the understanding of the natural history of chronic HBV infection, effective vaccines against the virus, sensitive assays for screening and monitoring of treatment, and effective treatments for v...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2010.05.003
更新日期:2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Xenotransplantation of the liver, in its broadest conception, might involve the transplantation of an intact organ or xenogeneic hepatocytes, or the use of an intact xenogeneic liver or cells as an ex vivo "device." The indications for xenotransplantation include not only hepatic failure but also, potentially, the tre...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s1089-3261(05)70135-5
更新日期:2000-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Serologic assays for HBV are the mainstay diagnostic tools for HBV infection. However, the advent of molecular biology-based techniques has added a new dimension to the diagnosis and treatment of patients with chronic HBV infection. Over the past decade, improvements in molecular technology, permitting detection of as...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2004.02.001
更新日期:2004-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related sclerosing cholangitis (IgG4-SC) is the biliary manifestation of the multisystem IgG4-related disease. IgG4-SC presents with biliary strictures and/or masses that can bear a striking similarity to other malignant and inflammatory diseases. Diagnosis is based on a combination of clinica...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2015.08.004
更新日期:2016-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The management of patients who have portal hypertension has changed dramatically over the last 2 decades. Pharmacologic therapy benefits the patient by reducing the risk for an initial bleed, improving the management of an acute bleed, and in reducing the risk for a rebleed. Endoscopic management has improved progress...
journal_title:Clinics in liver disease
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.cld.2006.08.020
更新日期:2006-08-01 00:00:00