Abstract:
:In summary, the concerns that environmental and other agents are causing adverse effects on reproductive function in humans are real, although the risk is not necessarily well characterized. The range of concerns for the types of effect that agents might have on reproduction span the full range of reproductive events. There is a fairly high background of reproductive disease in humans which decreases the sensitivity for identifying agents that have a subtle, but adverse, effect on reproductive performance of humans. Because our animal studies identify a large number of agents that cause some adverse reproductive effect at the dose levels tested, the concern is raised about the oversensitivity of animal models for predicting adverse effects in humans. Until we better understand the biology underlying the reproductive process of humans and animals, it will be difficult to make animal studies more specific in their predictiveness. Continued research to better understand the biology of reproduction in humans and animals should help to identify the types of data generated in animals that are most predictive of an adverse effect in humans.
journal_name
Drug Metab Revjournal_title
Drug metabolism reviewsauthors
Schwetz BAdoi
10.3109/03602539608993992subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1996-02-01 00:00:00pages
77-84issue
1-2eissn
0360-2532issn
1097-9883journal_volume
28pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::In this paper, we evaluate methodologies and null mouse models used to study drug transporter function in vitro and in vivo. P-glycoprotein and MRP null mice have been used to examine many aspects of xenobiotic distribution and bioavailability. Their advantage over conventional models is that they allow the exclusion ...
journal_title:Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/03602530802605040
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine, the side-chain carboxymethyl derivative of the sulfur-containing amino acid, cysteine, has been known and available for almost 80 years. During this time, it has been put to a variety of uses, but it is within the field of respiratory medicine that, presently, it has found a clinical niche....
journal_title:Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/03602532.2011.631015
更新日期:2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The reabsorptive and excretory capacity of the kidney has an important influence on the systemic concentration of drugs. Multidrug resistance proteins (MRP/ABCC) expressed in the kidney play a critical role in the tubular efflux of a wide variety of drugs and toxicants, and, in particular, of their negatively charged ...
journal_title:Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/03602530500205275
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The lung, which is in intimate contact with the external environment, is exposed to a number of toxicants both by virtue of its large surface area and because it receives 100% of the cardiac output. Lung diseases are a major disease entity in the U.S. population ranking third in terms of morbidity and mortality. Despi...
journal_title:Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1081/dmr-120015694
更新日期:2002-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::In summary, we have shown that steroid D-ring, but not steroid A-ring, glucuronide conjugates act at the level of the bile canaliculus to decrease bile-acid-dependent flow, initially; and subsequently, bile-acid-independent flow. These data indicate that glucuronide conjugates are not necessarily inactive; the present...
journal_title:Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/03602538308991419
更新日期:1983-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Drug transporters and drug metabolism enzymes govern drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination. Many literature works presenting important aspects related to stereochemistry of drug metabolism are available. However, there is very little literature on stereoselectivity of chiral drug transport and enan...
journal_title:Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/03602532.2014.887094
更新日期:2014-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Population pharmacokinetics describe the typical relationships between physiology (both normal and disease altered) and pharmacokinetics, the interindividual variability in these relationships, and their residual intraindividual variability. Knowledge of population kinetics can help one to choose initial drug dosage, ...
journal_title:Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/03602538409015063
更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Bupropion is an atypical antidepressant of the aminoketone group, structurally related to cathinone, associated with a wide interindividual variability. An extensive pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic review of bupropion was performed, also focusing on chemical, pharmacological, toxicological, clinical and forensic a...
journal_title:Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/03602532.2019.1620763
更新日期:2019-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Voriconazole, a second-generation triazole frequently used for the prophylaxis and treatment of invasive fungal infections, undergoes complex metabolism mainly involving various (polymorphic) cytochrome P450 enzymes in humans. Although high inter- and intraindividual variability in voriconazole pharmacokinetics have b...
journal_title:Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/03602532.2019.1632888
更新日期:2019-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The cytochrome P450 (P450) field came out of interest in the metabolism of drugs, carcinogens, and steroids, which remain major focal points. Over the years we have come to understand the P450 system components, the multiplicity of P450s, and many aspects of the regulation of the genes and also the catalytic mechanism...
journal_title:Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1081/dmr-120033996
更新日期:2004-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The high rate of attrition during drug development and its associated high research and development (R&D) cost have put pressure on pharmaceutical companies to ensure that candidate drugs going to clinical testing have the appropriate quality such that the biological hypothesis could be evaluated. To help achieve this...
journal_title:Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/03602532.2012.691099
更新日期:2012-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The rat P450IIA subfamily was characterized at the protein, cDNA, and gene level. The purified IIA1 and IIA2 P-450s displayed distinct positional specificities toward hydroxylation of the prototype substrate testosterone. The IIA1 and IIA2 genes were also regulated differently during development; IIA1 was expressed wi...
journal_title:Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3109/03602538909103582
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::1. The metabolic activity of the gastrointestinal microflora can be modified by numerous factors derived from the host, the host's environment, and the flora itself. 2. Marked differences exist in microbial composition and metabolism of the gut floras of different species of animal, and in the degree of colonization o...
journal_title:Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/03602538808994135
更新日期:1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The CYP4 family of cytochrome P450 enzymes and the mammalian peroxidases covalently bind their heme groups. In the CYP4 enzymes this involves one, and in the peroxidases two, covalent ester links between heme methys and carboxylic acid side-chains. In addition, in myeloperoxidase, a methionine forms a sulfonium link t...
journal_title:Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/03602530802186439
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this review of the literature on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), we describe recent developments of this technique in the medical field. SERS has developed rapidly in the last few years as a result of the fascinating advancements in instrumentation and the ability to interpret complex Raman data using hig...
journal_title:Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/03602532.2013.873451
更新日期:2014-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::An association between marijuana use and schizophrenia has been noted for decades, and the recent emergence of high-efficacy synthetic cannabinoids (SCBs) as drugs of abuse has lead to a growing number of clinical reports of persistent psychotic effects in users of these substances. The mechanisms underlying SCB-elici...
journal_title:Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/03602532.2018.1428343
更新日期:2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cyclindole was extensively metabolized and eliminated primarily via the kidneys from most laboratory animals and man. Only in the dog was cyclindole a major urinary component. Cyclindole was metabolized by N-demethylation and/or hydroxylation. In studies utilizing radiolabeled drug, the primary urinary component was p...
journal_title:Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/03602538008994027
更新日期:1980-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Adverse pharmacokinetic interactions between illicit substances and clinical drugs are of a significant health concern. Illicit substances are taken by healthy individuals as well as by patients with medical conditions such as mental illnesses, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, diabetes mellitus and cancer. Many ind...
journal_title:Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/03602532.2019.1697283
更新日期:2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Psilocybin and psilocin are controlled substances in many countries. These are the two main hallucinogenic compounds of the "magic mushrooms" and both act as agonists or partial agonists at 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)2A subtype receptors. During the last few years, psilocybin and psilocin have gained therapeutic releva...
journal_title:Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/03602532.2016.1278228
更新日期:2017-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ronald Estabrook made his initial impact studying cytochrome P450 by demonstrating the oxidative metabolism function of this unique class of enzymes, which had an unusual spectral peak at 450 nm when reduced and in the presence of carbon monoxide. Utilizing a photochemical action spectrum, he demonstrated that a cytoc...
journal_title:Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type: 传,历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1080/03602530701468318
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::When target organ toxicity arises in animal models during routine drug safety evaluation, it raises several key questions: Is this target organ toxicity related to the pharmacology? What is the mode of action (MOA)? Is the target organ toxicity relevant to humans? Pathology or prior knowledge of the compound class may...
journal_title:Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1081/dmr-120026395
更新日期:2003-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cytochrome P450-based cancer gene therapy is a novel prodrug activation strategy for cancer treatment that has substantial potential for improving the safety and efficacy of cancer chemotherapeutics. The primary goal of this strategy is to selectively increase tumor cell exposure to cytotoxic drug metabolites generate...
journal_title:Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1081/dmr-100101933
更新日期:1999-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::At present, the methods and enzymology of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) lag behind that of the cytochromes P450 (CYPs). About 15 human UGTs have been identified, and knowledge about their regulation, substrate selectivity, and tissue distribution has progressed recently. Alamethicin has been characterized as...
journal_title:Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1081/dmr-120000653
更新日期:2001-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The present paper has discussed available test systems for determination of the response of G-6-PD-deficient human erythrocytes to environmental agents. The limitations and advantages of each model have been examined, and the results of research using each model have been presented. The future development of suitable ...
journal_title:Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/03602538608998292
更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Gold Nanostars (GNS) have attracted tremendous attention toward themselves owing to their multi-branched structure and unique properties. These state of the art metallic nanoparticles possess intrinsic features like remarkable optical properties and exceptional physiochemical activities. These star-shaped gold nanopar...
journal_title:Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/03602532.2020.1734021
更新日期:2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dehydroepiandrosterone has been thought to have physiological functions other than as an androgen precursor. The previous studies performed have demonstrated a number of biological effects in rodents, such as amelioration of disease in diabetic, chemical carcinogenesis, and obesity models. To date, activation of the p...
journal_title:Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/03602530600569877
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Monkeys, especially macaques, including cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) and rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), are frequently used in drug metabolism studies due to their evolutionary closeness to humans. Recently, numerous cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) cDNAs have been identified and characterized in cynomolgus and rhe...
journal_title:Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/03602532.2010.549492
更新日期:2011-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Enormous efforts toward predicting the metabolic fate of a drug have been driven by the high attrition rate in drug development. To accelerate such efforts, it is critical to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of drug recognition by drug-metabolizing enzymes. Therefore, it is not surprising that an increasing number o...
journal_title:Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/03602532.2011.645581
更新日期:2012-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Like any other drugs, antiallergic medications can be associated with large inter- and intraindividual variability in their disposition. The best-documented examples belong to the H1 antihistamines. Variable drugs are more likely to show unpredictable therapeutic response with both increased risks of side effects and ...
journal_title:Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/10837450902891485
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Global statistical data shed light on an alarming trend that every year thousands of people die due to adverse drug reactions as each individual responds in a different way to the same drug. Pharmacogenomics has come up as a promising field in drug development and clinical medication in the past few decades. It has em...
journal_title:Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/03602532.2015.1047027
更新日期:2015-08-01 00:00:00