Abstract：
:Population pharmacokinetics describe the typical relationships between physiology (both normal and disease altered) and pharmacokinetics, the interindividual variability in these relationships, and their residual intraindividual variability. Knowledge of population kinetics can help one to choose initial drug dosage, to modify dosage appropriately in response to observed drug levels, to make rational decisions regarding certain aspects of drug regulation, and to investigate and elucidate certain research questions in pharmacokinetics. Experimental data from which population kinetics might be estimated often come from only those few individuals both willing and available to be studied. Clinical data from patients undergoing care might be more representative. These data, however, are marked by varying quality, accuracy, and precision, as well as there being few data per patient. Population pharmacokinetic parameters have traditionally been estimated either by fitting all individuals' data together as though there were no individual kinetic differences [the naive pooled data (NPD) approach], or by fitting each individual's data separately and then combining the individual parameter estimates [the two-stage (TS) approach]. These methods have certain theoretical problems which can only be aggravated when the deficiencies of data typical of clinical data are present. In this paper, the standard approaches are discussed and illustrated (using nondeficient data) in order to introduce subsequent papers in which alternative data analysis methods for population parameter estimation are defined, discussed, and compared.
journal_name
Drug Metab Revjournal_title
Drug metabolism reviewsauthors
Sheiner LBdoi
10.3109/03602538409015063subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1984-01-01 00:00:00pages
153-71issue
1-2eissn
0360-2532issn
1097-9883journal_volume
15pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Gold Nanostars (GNS) have attracted tremendous attention toward themselves owing to their multi-branched structure and unique properties. These state of the art metallic nanoparticles possess intrinsic features like remarkable optical properties and exceptional physiochemical activities. These star-shaped gold nanopar...
journal_title：Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1080/03602532.2020.1734021
更新日期：2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Much is known about the distal DNA damage repair response. In particular, many of the enzymes and auxiliary proteins that participate in DNA repair have been characterized. In addition, knowledge of signaling pathways activated in response to DNA damage is increasing. In contrast, comparatively less is known of DNA da...
journal_title：Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1080/03602530600959649
更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:By inhibiting ACE, captopril blocks the conversion of AI or AII and augments the effects of bradykinin both in vitro and in vivo. In rats, dogs, and monkeys with 2-kidney renal hypertension, orally administered captopril rapidly and markedly reduces blood pressure; this antihypertensive effect apparently occurs via a ...
journal_title：Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3109/03602538409041080
更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Bioconjugation of therapeutic agents has been used as a selective drug delivery platform for many therapeutic areas. Bioconjugates are prepared by the covalent linkage of active compounds (small or large molecule) to a carrier molecule (lipids, proteins, peptides, carbohydrates, and polymers) through a chemical linker...
journal_title：Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1080/03602532.2020.1716784
更新日期：2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The efficacy of drugs has to be demonstrated following the principal approach of statistical evaluation in controlled clinical trials. This scientifically and internationally accepted numerical approach has developed over the years to its importance, in contrast to the more pharmacologically attempt to extrapolate hum...
journal_title：Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1081/dmr-200033500
更新日期：2004-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a long history of medical use in China and is still used worldwide. Unexpected herb-drug interactions (HDIs) may lead to adverse drug reactions or loss of therapeutic efficacy of the victim drug. Here, based on searches of Medline, EBSCO, Science Direct and Web of Science using v...
journal_title：Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3109/03602532.2015.1124888
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The CYP4 family of cytochrome P450 enzymes and the mammalian peroxidases covalently bind their heme groups. In the CYP4 enzymes this involves one, and in the peroxidases two, covalent ester links between heme methys and carboxylic acid side-chains. In addition, in myeloperoxidase, a methionine forms a sulfonium link t...
journal_title：Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1080/03602530802186439
更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine, the side-chain carboxymethyl derivative of the sulfur-containing amino acid, cysteine, has been known and available for almost 80 years. During this time, it has been put to a variety of uses, but it is within the field of respiratory medicine that, presently, it has found a clinical niche....
journal_title：Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3109/03602532.2011.631015
更新日期：2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Indirect evidence for the participation of cytochrome P450 (P450) in the microsomal N-oxygenation of primary and N-substituted amine functions is presented by studies employing diagnostic modifiers of the hemoprotein system as well as immunochemical approaches. Experiments with recombinant hemoproteins or isozymes pur...
journal_title：Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1081/dmr-120005646
更新日期：2002-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Adverse pharmacokinetic interactions between illicit substances and clinical drugs are of a significant health concern. Illicit substances are taken by healthy individuals as well as by patients with medical conditions such as mental illnesses, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, diabetes mellitus and cancer. Many ind...
journal_title：Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1080/03602532.2019.1697283
更新日期：2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The cytochrome P450 (P450) field came out of interest in the metabolism of drugs, carcinogens, and steroids, which remain major focal points. Over the years we have come to understand the P450 system components, the multiplicity of P450s, and many aspects of the regulation of the genes and also the catalytic mechanism...
journal_title：Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1081/dmr-120033996
更新日期：2004-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The reabsorptive and excretory capacity of the kidney has an important influence on the systemic concentration of drugs. Multidrug resistance proteins (MRP/ABCC) expressed in the kidney play a critical role in the tubular efflux of a wide variety of drugs and toxicants, and, in particular, of their negatively charged ...
journal_title：Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1080/03602530500205275
更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In this paper, we evaluate methodologies and null mouse models used to study drug transporter function in vitro and in vivo. P-glycoprotein and MRP null mice have been used to examine many aspects of xenobiotic distribution and bioavailability. Their advantage over conventional models is that they allow the exclusion ...
journal_title：Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1080/03602530802605040
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. The metabolic activity of the gastrointestinal microflora can be modified by numerous factors derived from the host, the host's environment, and the flora itself. 2. Marked differences exist in microbial composition and metabolism of the gut floras of different species of animal, and in the degree of colonization o...
journal_title：Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3109/03602538808994135
更新日期：1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Synthetic cannabinoids (SC), originally developed as research tools, are now highly abused novel psychoactive substances. We present a comprehensive systematic review covering in vivo and in vitro animal and human pharmacokinetics and analytical methods for identifying SC and their metabolites in biological matrices. ...
journal_title：Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3109/03602532.2015.1029635
更新日期：2015-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Aryl and heterocyclic amines are of particular interest because of their carcinogenicity. The N-hydroxy derivatives are formed by oxidation, usually by the cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes and most often by P450 family 1. The mechanism of oxidation appears to resemble that of other P450 reactions. The N-hydroxy products...
journal_title：Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1081/dmr-120005663
更新日期：2002-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The multistep, clonal evolution model of cancer predicts fundamental mechanisms by which chemicals may influence the cancer process. These are illustrated by studies of the mechanisms of induction of carcinogenesis by estrogens and the inhibition of carcinogenesis by caloric restriction. ...
journal_title：Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1081/dmr-100100567
更新日期：2000-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Glycyrrhizic acid is widely applied as a sweetener in food products and chewing tobacco. In addition, it is of clinical interest for possible treatment of chronic hepatitis C. In some highly exposed subjects, side effects such as hypertension and symptoms associated with electrolyte disturbances have been reported. To...
journal_title：Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1081/dmr-100104400
更新日期：2001-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 is one of the most important enzymes involved in the metabolism of drugs. Multiple, clinically relevant, genetic variants of this gene have been identified and, among them, a gene deletion as well as multiplications of the gene. These large structural mutations in CYP2D6 occur at a relatively...
journal_title：Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1080/03602530600952206
更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Psilocybin and psilocin are controlled substances in many countries. These are the two main hallucinogenic compounds of the "magic mushrooms" and both act as agonists or partial agonists at 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)2A subtype receptors. During the last few years, psilocybin and psilocin have gained therapeutic releva...
journal_title：Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1080/03602532.2016.1278228
更新日期：2017-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hepatotoxicity is a serious problem during drug development and for the use of many established drugs. For example, acetaminophen overdose is currently the most frequent cause of acute liver failure in the United States and Great Britain. Evaluation of the mechanisms of drug-induced liver injury indicates that mitocho...
journal_title：Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3109/03602532.2011.602688
更新日期：2012-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Numerous experimental and epidemiological studies have demonstrated that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are major constituents of cigarette tobacco tar, are strongly involved in the pathogenesis of the cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Knowing that PAH-induced toxicities are mediated by the activation of...
journal_title：Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1080/03602530600632063
更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Human CYP1A2 is one of the major CYPs in human liver and metabolizes a number of clinical drugs (e.g., clozapine, tacrine, tizanidine, and theophylline; n > 110), a number of procarcinogens (e.g., benzo[a]pyrene and aromatic amines), and several important endogenous compounds (e.g., steroids). CYP1A2 is subject to rev...
journal_title：Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3109/03602530903286476
更新日期：2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The recent progresses in molecular biology and pharmacology approaches allowed the characterization of a series of nuclear receptors (NRs) as efficient regulators of uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) genes activity. These regulatory processes ensure an optimized UGT expression in response to specific e...
journal_title：Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3109/03602532.2012.751992
更新日期：2013-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The rat P450IIA subfamily was characterized at the protein, cDNA, and gene level. The purified IIA1 and IIA2 P-450s displayed distinct positional specificities toward hydroxylation of the prototype substrate testosterone. The IIA1 and IIA2 genes were also regulated differently during development; IIA1 was expressed wi...
journal_title：Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3109/03602538909103582
更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Glutathione S-transferase P1-1 (GSTP) is one member of the family of GSTs and is ubiquitously expressed in human tissues. The literature is replete with reports of high levels of GSTP linked either with cancer incidence or drug resistance, and yet no entirely cogent explanation for these correlations exists. The catal...
journal_title：Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3109/03602532.2011.552912
更新日期：2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of this study was to evaluate diazepam and oxazepam as cytochrome P450 inducers at doses previously shown to cause liver tumors in mice but not rats. In rats, diazepam and oxazepam induced CYP2B, and were as effective as phenobarbital despite lacking phenobarbital's tumor-promoting effect in rats. In mice, dia...
journal_title：Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/03602530600570081
更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The present paper has discussed available test systems for determination of the response of G-6-PD-deficient human erythrocytes to environmental agents. The limitations and advantages of each model have been examined, and the results of research using each model have been presented. The future development of suitable ...
journal_title：Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3109/03602538608998292
更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Nano-hydroxyapatite (nano-HA) is a material with multiple uses due to its biocompatibility and its resemblance to the nonorganic bone structure. It is used in various dental domains such as implantology, surgery, periodontology, esthetics and prevention. The aim of this study is to provide a wide understanding of nano...
journal_title：Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/03602532.2020.1758713
更新日期：2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics Knowledge Base (PharmGKB: http://www.pharmgkb.org) is devoted to disseminating primary data and knowledge in pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics. We are annotating the genes that are most important for drug response and present this information in the form of Very Important ...
journal_title：Drug metabolism reviews
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1080/03602530802413338
更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00
