Abstract:
:Catalyzed polymerization reactions represent a primary anabolic activity of all cells. It can be assumed that early cells carried out such reactions, in which macromolecular catalysts were encapsulated within some type of boundary membrane. In the experiments described here, we show that a template-independent RNA polymerase (polynucleotide phosphorylase) can be encapsulated in dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine vesicles without substrate. When the substrate adenosine diphosphate (ADP) was provided externally, long-chain RNA polymers were synthesized within the vesicles. Substrate flux was maximized by maintaining the vesicles at the phase transition temperature of the component lipid. A protease was introduced externally as an additional control. Free enzyme was inactivated under identical conditions. RNA products were visualized in situ by ethidium bromide fluorescence. The products were harvested from the liposomes, radiolabeled, and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Encapsulated catalysts represent a model for primitive cellular systems in which an RNA polymerase was entrapped within a protected microenvironment.
journal_name
J Mol Evoljournal_title
Journal of molecular evolutionauthors
Chakrabarti AC,Breaker RR,Joyce GF,Deamer DWdoi
10.1007/BF00160400subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1994-12-01 00:00:00pages
555-9issue
6eissn
0022-2844issn
1432-1432journal_volume
39pub_type
杂志文章abstract::The genome of Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. "Dare" contains a chlorophyll a/b binding (Cab) protein gene family consisting of 10 genes. The primary structures of two linked Cab genes (Cab 4 and Cab 5) were determined. A comparison of the nucleic acid and predicted amino acid sequences of Cab 4 and Cab 5 revealed a high d...
journal_title:Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Journal of molecular evolution
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journal_title:Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2000-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00239-006-0093-z
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The sequence of a cloned Anopheles stephensi gene showed 72% inferred amino acid identity with Drosophila melanogaster Dox-A2 and 93% with its putative ortholog in Anopheles gambiae. Dox-A2 is the reported but herein disputed structural locus for diphenol oxidase A2. Database searches identified Dox-A2 related gene se...
journal_title:Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s002390010053
更新日期:2000-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Available molecular and biochemical data offer conflicting evidence for the origin of the cyanelle of Cyanophora paradoxa. We show that the similarity of cyanelle and green chloroplast sequences is probably a result of these two lineages independently developing the same pattern of directional nucleotide change (subst...
journal_title:Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:1992-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF02198833
更新日期:1996-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:1990-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:1999-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00239-009-9289-3
更新日期:2009-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::We outline a method for estimating quantitatively the influence of point mutations and selection on the frequencies of codons and amino acids. We show how the mutation rate, i.e., the rate of amino acid replacement due to point mutation, can be affected by the codon usage as well as by the rates of the involved base e...
journal_title:Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF02102357
更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::As the origin(s) of life on Earth remains an open question, detailed characteristics about the "last universal ancestor" (LUA) continue to be obscured. Here we provide arguments that strengthen the bacterial-like nature of the LUA. Our view attempts to recreate the evolution of archaeal lipids, the major components of...
journal_title:Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00239-006-0141-8
更新日期:2007-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00239-004-2583-1
更新日期:2004-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The C-terminal domain of methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MetRS-C) from Nanoarchaeum equitans is homologous to a tRNA-binding protein consisting of 111 amino acids (Trbp111) from Aquifex aeolicus. The crystal structure of MetRS-C showed that it existed as a homodimer, and that each monomer possessed an oligonucleotide/oligo...
journal_title:Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00239-017-9796-6
更新日期:2017-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00173165
更新日期:1995-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::We present a new approach for analyzing directional mutation pressure and nucleotide content in protein-coding genes. Directional mutation pressure, the heterogenicity in the likelihood of different nucleotide substitutions, is used to explain the increasing or decreasing guanine-cytosine content (GC%) in DNA and is r...
journal_title:Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00163805
更新日期:1994-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Actin is a highly conserved protein although many isoforms exist. In vertebrates and insects the different actin isoforms can be grouped by their amino acid sequence and tissue-specific gene expression into muscle and nonmuscle actins, suggesting that the different actins may have a functional significance. We ask her...
journal_title:Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/pl00006125
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Life is based on biopolymers that have the ability to replicate themselves. Here we consider how a self-replicating RNA system may have originated. We consider a reaction system in which polymerization is possible by the addition of an activated monomer to the end of a chain. We suppose that a small fraction of polyme...
journal_title:Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00239-009-9276-8
更新日期:2009-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of molecular evolution
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更新日期:2007-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00239-006-0016-z
更新日期:2006-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Studies during the last 20 years have shown that the chromosomes of many organisms, especially those of higher vertebrates, consist of a series of segments having different properties. These can be recognized as, for example, G- and R-bands. Recent studies have indicated that genes tend to lie in the R-bands rather th...
journal_title:Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:1993-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::By considering three DNA sequences simultaneously there is sufficient information to recover a full Markov model with three transition matrices from the root to each of the sequences. It is necessary to have relatively long sequences because, for nucleotides, the full model requires 39 parameters that are estimated fr...
journal_title:Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00239-003-0032-1
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::With the aim of elucidating the evolutionary processes of the kringle and protease domains in serine proteases which are involved with the system of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis, we constructed phylogenetic trees for the kringle and protease domains, separately, by use of amino acid sequence data. The phylogenet...
journal_title:Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00163238
更新日期:1995-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Abortive cycling features transcription initiation by RNA polymerase in both prokaryote and eukaryote. It is known that T7 RNA polymerase produces abortive transcripts up to eight ribonucleotides in length depending on the initial sequence of the DNA message. On the other hand, T7 RNA polymerase initiates DNA replicat...
journal_title:Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF00160407
更新日期:1994-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Variation in structure among primate hemoglobins is associated with variation in function. This supports the hypothesis that most substitutions observed among homologous proteins in different species have been fixed by natural selection because they contribute to the fitness of the genotype. It does not support the co...
journal_title:Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF01653958
更新日期:1972-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Explicit evaluation of the accuracy and power of maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods for detecting site-specific positive Darwinian selection presents a challenge because selective consequences of single amino acid changes are generally unknown. We exploited extensive molecular and functional characterization of a...
journal_title:Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s00239-008-9172-7
更新日期:2008-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Two families of high-cysteine chorion proteins in Bombyx mori are encoded in 15 tandemly arranged nonidentical gene pairs. It is assumed that this locus arose by duplication with subsequent sequence divergence. We have compared DNA sequences from two such neighboring pairs of genes in an attempt to understand the mann...
journal_title:Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/BF02104732
更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::We present sequences of five novel RNase A superfamily ribonuclease genes of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. All five genes encode ribonucleases that are similar to Onconase, a cytotoxic ribonuclease isolated from oocytes of R. pipiens. With amino acid sequence data from 14 ribonucleases from three Rana species (R. ca...
journal_title:Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/s002390010188
更新日期:2001-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::A 2550-bp portion of the mitochondrial genome of a Demosponge, genus Tetilla, was amplified from whole genomic DNA extract and sequenced. The sequence was found to code for the 3' end of the 16S rRNA gene, cytochrome c oxidase subunit II, a lysine tRNA, ATPase subunit 8, and a 5' portion of ATPase subunit 6. The Porif...
journal_title:Journal of molecular evolution
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1007/pl00006497
更新日期:1999-05-01 00:00:00