Abstract:
:The distribution of enkephalin-like immunoreactivity within the avian retina was studied by immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques with antiserum to [Met5]enkephalin and [Leu5]enkephalin. Formaldehyde-fixed retinae were sectioned and incubated in antiserum to either [Met5]- or [Leu5]enkephalin. Specificity to the antiserum was established by absorption of the antiserum with synthetic [Met5]- or [Leu5]enkephalin at 1 mM. Positive immunohistochemical staining for enkephalin was observed in the somata of amacrine cells and their processes within the inner plexiform layer. A large number of enkephalin-containing amacrine cells were distributed throughout the retina, and their density appeared to be greatest within central retinal regions. The majority of labeled amacrine cells were about 7.5 micrometers in diameter although, occasionally, amacrine cells were observed that were 12--15 micrometers in diameter. Amacrine cells had a cell-to-cell spacing of approximately 40 micrometers within central retinal regions. Labeled processes of the amacrine cells were observed to project into the inner plexiform layer where they arborized as a fine plexus, within laminae 1, 3--5 of the inner plexiform layer. These observations demonstrate the existence of opioid peptides in seemingly select populations of amacrine cells within the retina. The localization of enkephalin-like immunoreactivity within the retina suggests that opioid peptides play a specific and unique functional role in retinal processing.
journal_name
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S Aauthors
Brecha N,Karten HJ,Laverack Cdoi
10.1073/pnas.76.6.3010subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1979-06-01 00:00:00pages
3010-4issue
6eissn
0027-8424issn
1091-6490journal_volume
76pub_type
杂志文章abstract::We investigated the effect of actin filament barbed end uncapping on Arp23 complex function both in vivo and in vitro. Arp23 complex redistributes rapidly and uniformly to the lamellar edge of activated wild-type platelets and fibroblasts but clusters in marginal actin filament clumps in gelsolin-null cells. Treatment...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.222652499
更新日期:2002-12-24 00:00:00
abstract::Efficient computation of geophysical turbulence, such as occurs in the atmosphere and ocean, is a formidable challenge for the following reasons: the complex combination of waves, jets, and vortices; significant energetic backscatter from unresolved small scales to resolved large scales; a lack of dynamical scale sepa...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1302548110
更新日期:2013-03-19 00:00:00
abstract::The response of nerve cells to synaptic inputs and the propagation of this activation is critically dependent on the cell-surface distribution of ion channels. In the hippocampus, Ca2+ influx through N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) and/or voltage-dependent calcium channels on dendrites is thought to be critical...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.90.16.7819
更新日期:1993-08-15 00:00:00
abstract::The balance between cell survival and cell death is critical for normal lymphoid development. This balance is maintained by signals through lymphocyte antigen receptors and death receptors such as CD95/Fas. In some cells, ligating the B cell antigen receptor can protect the cell from apoptosis induced by CD95. Here we...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.111158598
更新日期:2001-06-05 00:00:00
abstract::A series of HIV integrase (HIV-1 IN) inhibitors were synthesized to evaluate the role of the metal-binding group (MBG) in this class of metalloenzyme inhibitors. A total of 21 different raltegravir-chelator derivative (RCD) compounds were prepared that differed only in the nature of the MBG. These IN strand-transfer i...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1112389109
更新日期:2012-02-14 00:00:00
abstract::Methods for the construction of ordered nanoscale arrays have been implicated in fields ranging from separation technologies to microelectronics. Yet, despite the plethora of nanoscale structures assembled in nature that use a templating strategy, chemists have been unable to replicate this success. A technology is re...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0711308105
更新日期:2008-02-05 00:00:00
abstract::Enveloped viruses exploit the endomembrane system to enter host cells. Through a cascade of membrane-trafficking events, virus-bearing vesicles fuse with acidic endosomes and/or lysosomes mediated by SNAREs triggering viral fusion. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain elusive. Here, we foun...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1320629111
更新日期:2014-02-18 00:00:00
abstract::Daphnia pulex de Geer and Daphnia magna Straus populations cannot be maintained in defined (sensu stricto) media containing less than 0.1 part per billion (ppb) of selenium. A concentration of 1 ppb is sufficient to satisfy minimal needs in otherwise sufficient media. In the first generation with no selenium added to ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.81.11.3433
更新日期:1984-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is increasing, but largely indirect, evidence pointing to an effect of commensal gut microbiota on the central nervous system (CNS). However, it is unknown whether lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus rhamnosus could have a direct effect on neurotransmitter receptors in the CNS in normal, healthy animals. ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1102999108
更新日期:2011-09-20 00:00:00
abstract::We explore the question of what are the best ligands for macromolecular targets. A survey of experimental data on a large number of the strongest-binding ligands indicates that the free energy of binding increases with the number of nonhydrogen atoms with an initial slope of approximately -1.5 kcal/mol (1 cal = 4.18 J...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.96.18.9997
更新日期:1999-08-31 00:00:00
abstract::Cells within a genetically identical population exhibit phenotypic variation that in some cases can persist across multiple generations. However, information about the temporal variation and familial dependence of protein levels remains hidden when studying the population as an ensemble. To correlate phenotypes with t...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0903163106
更新日期:2009-10-27 00:00:00
abstract::Listeria monocytogenes is an intracellular parasite that can readily infect the macrophage-like cell line J774 and the kidney epithelial cell PtK2. After being ingested, the organism escapes from the phagolysosome into the host-cell cytoplasm. N-(7-Nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)-phallacidin, a specific stain for act...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.87.16.6068
更新日期:1990-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa, several events in the process of conidiation are influenced by light. Two genes, con-6 and con-10, which were previously shown to be transcriptionally activated during conidiation and by exposure to light, were found to be unexpressed in mycelium maintained in constant dark...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.90.17.8249
更新日期:1993-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::This is a multinanosecond molecular dynamics study of a bio-nano complex formed by a carbon nanoparticle, a buckyball C(60), and a biological molecule, an antibody, with high binding affinity and specificity. In the simulation, the ball is completely desolvated by the binding site of the antibody by means of a nearly ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.022532599
更新日期:2002-04-30 00:00:00
abstract::Renal cells isolated from vitamin D-deficient chicks had an increased Na+-dependent phosphate uptake when preincubated with 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25-(OH)2D3]. Phosphate uptake in the absence of Na+ and methyl alpha-glucoside uptake dependent on Na+ were not affected. Phosphate uptake was stimulated 15% by 0...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.79.11.3532
更新日期:1982-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The antiangiogenic agent fumagillin (Fg) and its analog TNP-470 bind to intracellular metalloprotease methionine aminopeptidase-2 (MetAP-2) and inhibit endothelial cell growth in a p53-dependent manner. To confirm the role of MetAP-2 in endothelial cell proliferation and to validate it as a physiological target for th...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0511313103
更新日期:2006-07-05 00:00:00
abstract::Two factors that contribute to the progression of Parkinson disease are a brain defect in mitochondrial respiration and the generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by monoamine oxidase (MAO). Here we show that the two are linked. Metabolism of the neurotransmitter dopamine, or other monoamines (benzylamine, tyramine), ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.94.10.4890
更新日期:1997-05-13 00:00:00
abstract::We have constructed a phylogenic tree for green plants by comparing 5S rRNA sequences. The tree suggests that the emergence of most of the uni- and multicellular green algae such as Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra, Ulva, and Chlorella occurred in the early stage of green plant evolution. The branching point of Nitella is a l...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.82.3.820
更新日期:1985-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have isolated a gene from Escherichia coli homologous to the gene encoding the Mr 83,000 Drosophila heat shock protein (hsp83). In E. coli the protein homologous to hsp83 is a heat shock protein called C62.5. The predicted amino acid sequence of C62.5 is 41% and 42% identical to the Drosophila and human hsp83 prote...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.84.15.5177
更新日期:1987-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The nature of color categories in the world's languages is contested. One major view holds that color categories are organized around universal focal colors, whereas an opposing view holds instead that categories are defined at their boundaries by linguistic convention. Both of these standardly opposed views are chall...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0610341104
更新日期:2007-01-23 00:00:00
abstract::An unusual system of genetic exchange exists in the purple nonsulfur bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus. DNA transmission is mediated by a small bacteriophage-like particle called the gene transfer agent (GTA) that transfers random 4.5-kb segments of the producing cell's genome to recipient cells, where allelic replacem...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.97.2.859
更新日期:2000-01-18 00:00:00
abstract::The central administration of the fatty acid synthase (FAS) inhibitor, C75, rapidly suppresses the expression of orexigenic neuropeptides [neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related protein (AgRP)] and activates expression of anorexigenic neuropeptides [proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated tr...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0500619102
更新日期:2005-03-15 00:00:00
abstract::A discussion of the range of applicability of Forster long-range energy transfer in the determination of macromolecular dimensions and conformational dynamics is given. Emphasis is laid on the effect of restrictions in the orientational freedom of donor and acceptor and on the importance of the orientational averaging...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.73.2.271
更新日期:1976-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Without a fully developed initial segment, the most proximal region of the epididymis, male infertility results. Therefore, it is important to understand the development and regulation of this crucial region. In addition to distinctively high activity levels of the components of the ERK pathway, which are essential fo...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1413186112
更新日期:2014-12-30 00:00:00
abstract::Comparison of about 50 pairs of homologous nucleotide sequences for different genes revealed that the substitutions between synonymous codons occurred at much higher rates than did amino acid substitutions. Furthermore, five pairs of mRNA sequences for different genes were compared in species that had diverged at the ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.77.12.7328
更新日期:1980-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Incubation of sickle cells with cystamine, a thiol reagnet, resulted in the formation of an intracellular S-ethylamine derivative. The rate of the reaction was dependent upon the cystamine concentration, the temperature, and the duration of the incubation. The cystamine-treated cells demonstrated a marked inhibition o...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.73.9.3288
更新日期:1976-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Addition of Na+ to Na+-depleted Swiss 3T3 cells causes a rapid and dramatic increase in intracellular pH, as monitored by uptake of the weak acid 5,5-dimethyloxazolidine-2,4-dione. The effect of Na+ is concentration dependent (half-maximal effect at 38 mM); this cation can be replaced by Li+ but not by K+ or the choli...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.79.24.7778
更新日期:1982-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Genomic clones of the human non-N-methyl-D-aspartate (non-NMDA) glutamate receptor subunit GluR5 were isolated by high-stringency screening of a cosmid library using the rat cDNA as a probe. The chromosomal localization of the human GluR5 gene has been established. Southern hybridization of DNA isolated from mapping p...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.90.1.178
更新日期:1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::An investigation by paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy of the photoreduction of ferredoxin, oxygenically by water and anoxygenically by a direct electron donor to photosystem I, led to the unexpected findings that different reductive mechanisms may be involved. Ferredoxin photoreduced by water was not reoxidized in t...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.77.5.2676
更新日期:1980-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) is essential for intracellular transport of protein fragments into the endoplasmic reticulum for loading of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. On the cell surface, these peptide-MHC complexes are monitored by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. To st...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.061467898
更新日期:2001-03-27 00:00:00