Abstract：
:Dry fruits consist of two types, dehiscent and indehiscent, whereby the fruit is splitting open or remains closed at maturity, respectively. The seed, the dispersal unit (DU) of dehiscent fruits, is composed of three major parts, the embryo and the food reserve, encapsulated by the maternally-derived organ, the seed coat. Indehiscent fruit constitutes the DU in which the embryo is covered by two protective layers (PLs), the seed coat and the fruit coat. In grasses, the caryopsis, a one-seeded fruit, can be further enclosed by the floral bracts to generate two types of DUs, florets and spikelets. All protective layers enclosing the embryo undergo programmed cell death (PCD) at maturation and are thought to provide mainly a physical shield for embryo protection and a means for dispersal. In this review article, I wish to highlight the elaborate function of these dead organs enclosing the embryo as unique storage structures for beneficial substances and discuss their potential role in seed biology and ecology.
journal_name
Int J Mol Scijournal_title
International journal of molecular sciencesauthors
Grafi Gdoi
10.3390/ijms21218024subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2020-10-28 00:00:00issue
21issn
1422-0067pii
ijms21218024journal_volume
21pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:This study evaluated the genetic diversity and population structures in a novel cotton germplasm collection comprising 132 diploids, including Glossypium klotzschianum and allotetraploid cotton accessions, including Glossypium barbadense, Glossypium darwinii, Glossypium tomentosum, Glossypium ekmanianum, and Glossypiu...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms19082401
更新日期：2018-08-14 00:00:00
abstract：:The author wishes to make a change to the published paper [1].[...]. ...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 已发布勘误
doi：10.3390/ijms17091572
更新日期：2016-09-19 00:00:00
abstract：:MnTE-2-PyP, a superoxide dismutase mimetic, inhibited OVA-induced airway inflammation in mice suggesting an effect on Th2 responsiveness. Thus, we hypothesized that MnTE-2-PyP may alter dendritic cell-Th2 interactions. Bone marrow derived dendritic cells (DC) and OVA(323-339)-specific Th2 cells were cultured separatel...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms13089785
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pepper originated from the Capsicum genus, which is recognized as one of the most predominant and globally distributed genera of the Solanaceae family. It is a diverse genus, consisting of more than 31 different species including five domesticated species, Capsicum baccatum, C. annuum, C. pubescen, C. frutescens, and ...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms21155179
更新日期：2020-07-22 00:00:00
abstract：:Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 is an endosomal receptor recognizing bacterial DNA/CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN). Blocking CpG ODN/TLR9 activity represents a strategy for therapeutic prevention of immune system overactivation. Herein, we report that a synthetic peptide (SP) representing the leucine-rich re...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms17020242
更新日期：2016-02-22 00:00:00
abstract：:Anthocyanins as natural pigments are colorful and environmentally compatible dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). To increase the efficiency, we designed and synthesized unnatural O-methylflavonols and O-methylcyanidins that possess an aryl group at the 8-position. We synthesized per-O-methylquercetin from que...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms18020427
更新日期：2017-02-16 00:00:00
abstract：:The phenol-degrading efficiency of Pseudochrobactrum sp. was enhanced by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. First, a bacterial strain, Pseudochrobactrum sp. XF1, was isolated from the activated sludge in a coking plant. It was subjected to mutation by UV radiation for 120 s and a mutant strain with higher phenol-degrading ...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms16047320
更新日期：2015-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:(Pro)renin receptor ((P)RR) is a multi-functional molecule that is related to both the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and vacuolar H⁺-ATPase (v-ATPase), an ATP-dependent multi-subunit proton pump. Soluble (P)RR (s(P)RR), which consists of the extracellular domain of (P)RR, is present in blood and urine. Elevated plasm...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms18061313
更新日期：2017-06-20 00:00:00
abstract：:Levodopa (LD) is used to increase dopamine level for treating Parkinson's disease. The major metabolism of LD to produce dopamine is decarboxylation. In order to understand the metabolism of LD; the electronic structure of levodopa was investigated at the Density Functional DFT/B3LYP level of theory using the 6-311+G*...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms13044321
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The muscle excess 3 (MEX-3) protein was first identified in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), and its respective homologues were also observed in vertebrates, including humans. It is a RNA-binding protein (RBP) with an additional ubiquitin E3 ligase function, which further acts as a post-transcriptional repressor t...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms21155209
更新日期：2020-07-23 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Gastritis is a prevalent disease and commonly classified into autoimmune (A), bacterial (B), and chemical (C) type gastritis. While the former two subtypes are associated with an increased risk of developing gastric intestinal adenocarcinoma, the latter subtype is not. In this study, we evaluated the capabil...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms21186652
更新日期：2020-09-11 00:00:00
abstract：:Genomic actions of estrogens in vertebrates are exerted via two intracellular estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes, ERα and ERβ, which show cell- and tissue-specific expression profiles. Mammalian immune cells express ERs and are responsive to estrogens. More recently, evidence became available that ERs are also present in...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms19040932
更新日期：2018-03-21 00:00:00
abstract：:Sarcomere and cytoskeleton genes, or actomyosin genes, regulate cell biology including mechanical stress, cell motility, and cell division. While actomyosin genes are recurrently dysregulated in cancers, their oncogenic roles have not been examined in a lineage-specific fashion. In this report, we investigated dysregu...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms21228690
更新日期：2020-11-18 00:00:00
abstract：:In vitro chondrogenically differentiated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have a tendency to undergo hypertrophy, mirroring the fate of transient "chondrocytes" in the growth plate. As hypertrophy would result in ossification, this fact limits their use in cartilage tissue engineering applications. During limb developmen...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms21041444
更新日期：2020-02-20 00:00:00
abstract：:Frizzled receptors (FZDs) are a family of seven-span transmembrane receptors with hallmarks of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that serve as receptors for secreted Wingless-type (WNT) ligands in the WNT signaling pathway. Functionally, FZDs play crucial roles in regulating cell polarity, embryonic development, cel...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms19051543
更新日期：2018-05-22 00:00:00
abstract：:Chlorothiophenols (CTPs) are known to be key and direct precursors of polychlorinated thianthrene/dibenzothiophenes (PCTA/DTs). Self/cross-coupling of the chlorothiophenoxy radicals (CTPRs), sulfydryl-substituted phenyl radicals and thiophenoxyl diradicals evolving from CTPs are initial and important steps for PCTA/DT...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms20112623
更新日期：2019-05-28 00:00:00
abstract：:The Kv4 family of voltage-gated K⁺ channels underlie the fast transient (A-type) outward K⁺ current. Although A-type currents are critical to determine somato-dendritic integration in central neurons, relatively little is known about the precise subcellular localisation of the underlying channels in hippocampal circui...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms20020246
更新日期：2019-01-09 00:00:00
abstract：:Updated measurements of charged particle fluxes during the transit from Earth to Mars as well as on site measurements by Curiosity of Martian surface radiation fluxes identified potential health hazards associated with radiation exposure for human space missions. Designing mitigation strategies of radiation risks to a...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms20010176
更新日期：2019-01-05 00:00:00
abstract：:Biotherapeutics are a rapidly growing portion of the total pharmaceutical market accounting for almost one-half of recent new drug approvals. A major portion of these approvals each year are monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). During development, non-clinical pharmacology and toxicology testing of mAbs differs from that don...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms19113685
更新日期：2018-11-21 00:00:00
abstract：:Fibrosis is presented in various physiologic and pathologic conditions of the salivary gland. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) pathway has a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of fibrosis in several organs, including the salivary glands. Among the TGF-β superfamily members, TGF-β1 and 2 are pro-fibrotic ligands, ...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms21239138
更新日期：2020-11-30 00:00:00
abstract：:Cannabis sativa L. is a plant long used for its textile fibers, seed oil, and oleoresin with medicinal and psychoactive properties. It is the main source of phytocannabinoids, with over 100 compounds detected so far. In recent years, a lot of attention has been given to the main phytochemicals present in Cannabis sati...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms20235905
更新日期：2019-11-25 00:00:00
abstract：:Thioredoxin fold proteins (TFPs) form a family of diverse proteins involved in thiol/disulfide exchange in cells from all domains of life. Leptospirillum spp. are bioleaching bacteria naturally exposed to extreme conditions like acidic pH and high concentrations of metals that can contribute to the generation of react...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms21051880
更新日期：2020-03-10 00:00:00
abstract：:Fibrotic disease, which is implicated in almost half of all deaths worldwide, is the result of an uncontrolled wound healing response to injury in which tissue is replaced by deposition of excess extracellular matrix, leading to fibrosis and loss of organ function. A plethora of genome-wide association studies, microa...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms21228590
更新日期：2020-11-14 00:00:00
abstract：:Ionic liquids, considered "green" chemicals, are widely used in many areas of analytical chemistry due to their unique properties. Recently, ionic liquids have been used as a kind of novel additive in separation and combined with silica to synthesize new stationary phase as separation media. This review will focus on ...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms10062591
更新日期：2009-06-04 00:00:00
abstract：:Balanced osteoclast and osteoblast activity is necessary for skeletal health, whereas unbalanced osteoclast activity causes bone loss in many skeletal conditions. A better understanding of pathways that regulate osteoclast differentiation and activity is necessary for the development of new therapies to better manage ...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms21031056
更新日期：2020-02-05 00:00:00
abstract：:Phototropin2 (phot2) is a blue-light (BL) receptor protein that regulates the BL-dependent activities of plants for efficient photosynthesis. Phot2 is composed of two light-oxygen-voltage sensing domains (LOV1 and LOV2) to absorb BL, and a kinase domain. Photo-activated LOV domains, especially LOV2, play a major role ...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms21186638
更新日期：2020-09-10 00:00:00
abstract：:Changes in the developmental or metabolic state of plastids can trigger profound changes in the transcript profiles of nuclear genes. Many nuclear transcription factors were shown to be controlled by signals generated in the organelles. In addition to the many different compounds for which an involvement in retrograde...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms130911085
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Kombucha tea (KT) has emerged as a substance that protects the liver from damage; however, its mechanisms of action on the fatty liver remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the potential role of KT and its underlying mechanisms on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). db/db mice that were fed methionine/choli...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms20092369
更新日期：2019-05-13 00:00:00
abstract：:Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans (Montagne, Bary) is a devastating disease of tomato worldwide. There are three known major genes, Ph-1, Ph-2, and Ph-3, conferring resistance to late blight. In addition to these three genes, it is also believed that there are additional factors or quantitative trait loci (...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms18071589
更新日期：2017-07-22 00:00:00
abstract：:Sensitive molecular assays are critical for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) diagnosis. Here, we designed and evaluated two single-tube nested (STN) real-time RT-PCR assays, targeting SARS-CoV-2 RdRp/Hel and N genes. Both STN assays had a low limit of detection and did not cross react with other human coronaviruses...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms21165674
更新日期：2020-08-07 00:00:00
