Abstract：
:The mycotoxins altertoxin I and II (ATX I and II) are secondary metabolites produced by Alternaria alternata fungi and may occur as food and feed contaminants, especially after long storage periods. Although the toxic potential of altertoxins has been previously investigated, little is known about the pathways that play a role in their intracellular metabolism. In order to identify potential targets of ATX I and ATX II, the two toxins were tested for interaction with the nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2/antioxidant response element (Nrf2/ARE) pathway in mammalian cells. This pathway can be activated by various stressors resulting in the expression of enzymes important for metabolism and detoxification. In the present study, only ATX II triggered a concentration-dependent increase in Nrf2-ARE-dependent luciferase expression. Consistently, confocal microscopy revealed an ATX II-induced increase in Nrf2 signal in HT29 intestinal cells. In agreement with these data, ATX II induced the transcription of γ-glutamate cysteine ligase, the key enzyme in catalyzing GSH synthesis of the cells and which is regulated by Nrf2. Further investigations demonstrated that ATX II induced a concentration-dependent depletion of the cellular GSH levels after short incubation time (3 h) and an increase after longer incubation time (24 h). In conclusion, it was demonstrated that ATX II can interact at several levels of the Nrf2-ARE pathway in mammalian cells and that ATX I does not share the same mechanism of action.
journal_name
Arch Toxicoljournal_title
Archives of toxicologyauthors
Jarolim K,Del Favero G,Pahlke G,Dostal V,Zimmermann K,Heiss E,Ellmer D,Stark TD,Hofmann T,Marko Ddoi
10.1007/s00204-016-1726-7subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2017-01-01 00:00:00pages
203-216issue
1eissn
0340-5761issn
1432-0738pii
10.1007/s00204-016-1726-7journal_volume
91pub_type
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