The response of trypanosomes and other eukaryotes to ER stress and the spliced leader RNA silencing (SLS) pathway in Trypanosoma brucei.

abstract：:Type 1 protein phosphatases (PP-1) comprise a group of widely distributed enzymes that specifically dephosphorylate serine and threonine residues of certain phosphoproteins. They all contain an isoform of the same catalytic subunit, which has an extremely conserved primary structure. One of the properties of PP-1 that...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Bollen M,Stalmans W

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Torsin ATPases (Torsins) belong to the widespread AAA+ (ATPases associated with a variety of cellular activities) family of ATPases, which share structural similarity but have diverse cellular functions. Torsins are outliers in this family because they lack many characteristics of typical AAA+ proteins, and they are t...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Rose AE,Brown RS,Schlieker C

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Transferrin is one of the sources of iron that is most readily available to colonizing and invading pathogens. In this review, we look at iron uptake by the bacterial transferrin receptor that is found in the families Neisseriaceae, Pasteurellaceae and Moraxellaceae. This bipartite receptor consists of the TonB-depend...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Pogoutse AK,Moraes TF

更新日期：2017-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:DNA double-strand breaks are highly toxic DNA lesions that cause genomic instability, if not efficiently repaired. RecQ helicases are a family of highly conserved proteins that maintain genomic stability through their important roles in several DNA repair pathways, including DNA double-strand break repair. Double-stra...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Keijzers G,Maynard S,Shamanna RA,Rasmussen LJ,Croteau DL,Bohr VA

更新日期：2014-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The plasma coagulation system in mammalian blood consists of a cascade of enzyme activation events in which serine proteases activate the proteins (proenzymes and procofactors) in the next step of the cascade via limited proteolysis. The ultimate outcome is the polymerization of fibrin and the activation of platelets,...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Smith SA,Travers RJ,Morrissey JH

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) play an intricate role in the extracellular matrix (ECM), not only as soluble components and polyelectrolytes, but also by specific interactions with growth factors and other transient components of the ECM. Modifications of GAG chains, such as isomerization, sulfation, and acetylation, gener...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Ernst S,Langer R,Cooney CL,Sasisekharan R

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Translational control mechanisms are, besides transcriptional control and mRNA stability, the most determining for final protein levels. A large number of accessory factors that assist the ribosome during initiation, elongation, and termination of translation are required for protein synthesis. Cap-dependent translati...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Van Der Kelen K,Beyaert R,Inzé D,De Veylder L

更新日期：2009-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This review focuses on how microbes live on CO as a sole source of carbon and energy and with CO by generating carbon monoxide as a metabolic intermediate. The use of CO is a property of organisms that use the Wood-L jungdahl pathway of autotrophic growth. The review discusses when CO metabolism originated, when and h...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Ragsdale SW

更新日期：2004-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:For more than a century amyloid was considered to be an interesting, unique, but inconsequential pathologic entity that rarely caused significant clinical problems. We now recognize that amyloid is not one entity. In vivo it is a uniform organization of a disease, or process, specific protein co-deposited with a set o...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Kisilevsky R,Fraser PE

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Renin, the first enzyme in the renin-angiotensin system, is critically important for the maintenance of blood pressure, and, therefore, as a target for antihypertensive therapy. The three-dimensional structure of renin would be an invaluable aid in understanding the functional properties of renin as well as in the des...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Hutchins C,Greer J

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The purpose of this review is to provide an analysis of the latest developments on the functions of the carbon catabolite-repression 4-Not (Ccr4-Not) complex in regulating eukaryotic gene expression. Ccr4-Not is a nine-subunit protein complex that is conserved in sequence and function throughout the eukaryotic kingdom...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Miller JE,Reese JC

更新日期：2012-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Regulation of eukaryotic gene expression is far more complex than one might have imagined 30 years ago. However, progress towards understanding gene regulatory mechanisms has been rapid and comprehensive, which has made the integration of detailed observations into broadly connected concepts a challenge. This review a...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Venters BJ,Pugh BF

更新日期：2009-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rapid advances in redox systems biology are creating new opportunities to understand complexities of human disease and contributions of environmental exposures. New understanding of thiol-disulfide systems have occurred during the past decade as a consequence of the discoveries that thiol and disulfide systems are mai...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Go YM,Jones DP

更新日期：2013-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The spontaneous and unregulated polymerization of actin filaments is inhibited in cells by actin monomer-binding proteins such as profilin and Tbeta4. Eukaryotic cells and certain pathogens use filament nucleators to stabilize actin polymerization nuclei, whose formation is rate-limiting. Known filament nucleators inc...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Dominguez R

更新日期：2009-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:DNA damaging agents have been a cornerstone of cancer therapy for nearly a century. The discovery of many of these chemicals, particularly the alkylating agents, are deeply entwined with the development of poisonous materials originally intended for use in warfare. Over the last decades, their anti-proliferative effec...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Tsao N,Schärer OD,Mosammaparast N

更新日期：2021-01-12 00:00:00

abstract：:Ribonucleases (RNases) are mediators in most reactions of RNA metabolism. In recent years, there has been a surge of new information about RNases and the roles they play in cell physiology. In this review, a detailed description of bacterial RNases is presented, focusing primarily on those from Escherichia coli and Ba...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Bechhofer DH,Deutscher MP

更新日期：2019-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Ribonucleotides are the most abundant non-canonical nucleotides in the genome. Their vast presence and influence over genome biology is becoming increasingly appreciated. Here we review the recent progress made in understanding their genomic presence, incorporation characteristics and usefulness as biomarkers for poly...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Zhou ZX,Williams JS,Lujan SA,Kunkel TA

更新日期：2021-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The demonstration that ribosomal peptide synthesis is a ribozyme-catalyzed reaction makes it almost certain that there was once an RNA World. The central problem for origin-of-life studies, therefore, is to understand how a protein-free RNA World became established on the primitive Earth. We first review the literatur...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Orgel LE

更新日期：2004-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Our understanding of the fundamental regulatory roles that tyrosine phosphatases play within cells has advanced significantly in the last two decades. Out-dated ideas that tyrosine phosphatases acts solely as the "off" switch counterbalancing the action of tyrosine kinases has proved to be flawed. PTP1B is the most ch...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Feldhammer M,Uetani N,Miranda-Saavedra D,Tremblay ML

更新日期：2013-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:One of the experimental platforms to study programs increasing genetic diversity in cells under stressful or nondividing conditions is adaptive mutagenesis, also called stationary phase mutagenesis or stress-induced mutagenesis. In some model systems, there is evidence that mutagenesis occurs in genes that are activel...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Robleto EA,Yasbin R,Ross C,Pedraza-Reyes M

更新日期：2007-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Clathrin constitutes the coat of vesicles involved in three receptor-mediated intracellular transport pathways; the export of aggregated material from the trans-Golgi network for regulated secretion, the transfer of lysosomal hydrolases from the trans-Golgi network to lysosomes and receptor-mediated endocytosis at the...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Pley U,Parham P

更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Aptamers are single-stranded structured oligonucleotides (DNA or RNA) that can bind to a wide range of targets ("apatopes") with high affinity and specificity. These nucleic acid ligands, generated from pools of random-sequence by an in vitro selection process referred to as systematic evolution of ligands by exponent...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Kanwar JR,Roy K,Kanwar RK

更新日期：2011-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The lytic transglycosylases (LTs) are bacterial enzymes that catalyze the non-hydrolytic cleavage of the peptidoglycan structures of the bacterial cell wall. They are not catalysts of glycan synthesis as might be surmised from their name. Notwithstanding the seemingly mundane reaction catalyzed by the LTs, their lytic...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Dik DA,Marous DR,Fisher JF,Mobashery S

更新日期：2017-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) constitute a family of more than 20 endopeptidases. Identification of specific matrix and non-matrix components as MMP substrates showed that, aside from their initial role as extracellular matrix modifiers, MMPs play significant roles in highly complex processes such as the regulation...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Cauwe B,Van den Steen PE,Opdenakker G

更新日期：2007-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The major intrinsic protein (MIP) of the bovine lens fiber cell membrane was the first member of the MIP family of proteins to be sequenced and characterized. It is probably a homotetramer with transmembrane channel activity that plays a role in lens biogenesis or maintenance. The polypeptide chain of each subunit may...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Reizer J,Reizer A,Saier MH Jr

更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Following a brief introduction of cellular response to stimulation comprising leukocyte activation, three major areas are discussed: (1) the neutrophil oxidase; (2) myeloperoxidase (MPO)-dependent oxidative microbicidal reactions; and (3) MPO-independent oxidative reactions. Topics included in section (A) are current ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Hurst JK,Barrette WC Jr

更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Aldehydes are highly reactive molecules that may have a variety of effects on biological systems. They can be generated from a virtually limitless number of endogenous and exogenous sources. Although some aldehyde-mediated effects such as vision are beneficial, many effects are deleterious, including cytotoxicity, mut...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Lindahl R

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:As we learn more about the biology of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a wide range of molecules that can activate this fascinating family of pattern recognition receptors emerges. In addition to conserved pathogenic components, endogenous danger signals created upon tissue damage are also sensed by TLRs. Detection of ...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Bryant CE,Gay NJ,Heymans S,Sacre S,Schaefer L,Midwood KS

更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cilia and flagella serve as cellular antennae and propellers in various eukaryotic cells, and contain specific receptors and ion channels as well as components of axonemal microtubules and molecular motors to achieve their sensory and motile functions. Not only the bidirectional trafficking of specific proteins within...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Nakayama K,Katoh Y

更新日期：2020-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) is a ubiquitous zinc peptidase of the inverzincin family, which has been initially discovered as the enzyme responsible for insulin catabolism; therefore, its involvement in the onset of diabetes has been largely investigated. However, further studies on IDE unraveled its ability to degr...

journal_title：Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology

authors： Tundo GR,Sbardella D,Ciaccio C,Grasso G,Gioia M,Coletta A,Polticelli F,Di Pierro D,Milardi D,Van Endert P,Marini S,Coletta M

更新日期：2017-10-01 00:00:00