Abstract：
:Uncertainty is an inherent property of all measurements. The magnitude of this uncertainty will determine the number of meaningful digits that should be reported in a measurement result. Several statistical arguments are considered providing evidence that three digit truncated results are more appropriate than two since the first significant digit of the combined uncertainty (standard deviation) in breath alcohol measurement is found in the third decimal place. Probably, the most compelling reason for reporting three digits is the significant reduction in combined uncertainty compared with the use of two digits. For a breath alcohol concentration of 0.089 g/210 L, the combined uncertainty for two digit results is ∼0.0042 g/210 L, compared with 0.0031 g/210 L for three digit results. The historical practice of reporting two digit truncated results in forensic breath alcohol analysis has been largely based on the use of analog scale instruments with 0.01 g/210 L scale resolution. With today's modern digital instrumentation, this practice should be reconsidered. While the focus of this paper is on breath alcohol analysis, the general principles will apply to any quantitative analytical measurement.
journal_name
J Anal Toxicoljournal_title
Journal of analytical toxicologyauthors
Gullberg RGdoi
10.1093/jat/bkv025subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2015-06-01 00:00:00pages
411-4issue
5eissn
0146-4760issn
1945-2403pii
bkv025journal_volume
39pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:This study evaluated the validity of measuring fentanyl concentrations in equine plasma using radioimmunoassay (RIA) by comparing it to the established technique of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Equine plasma samples were analyzed using a solid-phase Coat-A-Count fentanyl RIA and a validated LC-MS m...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/32.9.754
更新日期：2008-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Analysis and interpretation of the findings for the drug of abuse gamma hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in fatalities has become very problematic. This is primarily because of variable data in postmortem biological fluids resulting from the endogenous nature of the compound, possible postmortem production, and varying metho...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/28.1.20
更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Exposure to drugs and toxins is a major cause for the rising number of emergency department visits each year. Immunoassays are commonly used in the emergency department to provide rapid turnaround time for acute care. The purpose of this study was to compare two automated immunoassay chemistry analyzers to determine w...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/bks028
更新日期：2012-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In this study, the relationships between the concentrations of R/S-methamphetamine (MA) and its metabolite R/S-amphetamine (AP), the AP/MA ratio in hair samples, and MA dependence were investigated by performing segmental hair analysis in MA users. Authentic hair samples collected from 10 chronic MA abusers were cut i...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/bkz089
更新日期：2020-07-31 00:00:00
abstract：:A liquid chromatographic method was developed for the analysis of indandione and 4-hydroxycoumarin anticoagulant rodenticides in blood serum and liver. The method enabled the measurement of serum and liver concentrations of eight anticoagulant rodenticides: brodifacoum, bromadiolone, chlorophacinone, coumafuryl, couma...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/17.1.56
更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A method for the determination of seven polychlorinated biphenyl residues in plasma by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was developed. The analytes were isolated from human plasma by liquid-liquid extraction, followed by solid-phase extraction, and separation on an HP5 Trace column. Ionization mode was electronic ...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/27.2.74
更新日期：2003-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The fraction of any surface-adsorbed contaminant available for absorption is considered the bioaccessible fraction. Applied previously to contaminants such as pesticides and heavy metals on surfaces such as soil, food and cosmetics, the term may also be used to describe the fraction of drug residue bound to work surfa...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/bky073
更新日期：2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A simple, rapid, and reliable gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) confirmation procedure was developed for urine samples found positive by the EMIT-dau benzodiazepine metabolite assay. The procedure involves acid hydrolysis, organic extraction, and identification using GLC-nitrogen-phosphorus detection (NPD). The method ...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/6.6.305
更新日期：1982-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:About 22,000 samples of oral fluid have been collected in five population studies in Norway using either the Intercept or Statsure oral fluid sampling devices. The prevalence of alcohol and drugs was found to be higher in oral fluid samples with small volumes than in those with large volumes for both sampling devices;...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/34.7.416
更新日期：2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Anticoagulant rodenticides are the largest group of poisons used to kill harmful rodents. Their fundamental mode of action consists in the inhibition of the vitamin K epoxide reductase, which causes blood-clotting alteration, ultimately leading to hemorrhagic events as the cause of death. In this study, we developed a...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/bkw019
更新日期：2016-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Postmortem femoral blood concentrations of the antipsychotic drugs aripiprazole, chlorprothixene and its metabolite, and quetiapine were determined by LC-MS-MS in 25 cases for aripiprazole and 60 cases each for chlorprothixene and quetiapine. For cases where the cause of death was not related to the considered drugs, ...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/bku121
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Estimating the equivalent whole blood ethanol level from a serum or plasma determination has been addressed by numerous articles in both the clinical and forensic literature. All previous studies have either involved sample sizes insufficient for adequate statistical evaluation or have utilized gas chromatography for ...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/31.1.23
更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A rapid, simple, highly sensitive procedure for the simultaneous analysis of bromazepam, alprazolam, clonazepam, lorazepam, oxazepam, diazepam, midazolam, flurazepam, flunitrazepam, nordiazepam, triazolam, temazepam, nitrazepam, and chlordiazepoxide in oral fluid is described, using liquid chromatography coupled to a ...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/31.9.596
更新日期：2007-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) is currently evaluating hydrocodone (HC) for inclusion in the Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs. This study evaluated the time course of HC, norhydrocodone (NHC), dihydrocodeine (DHC) and hydromorphone (HM) in paired ...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/bkv050
更新日期：2015-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The present study evaluates the suitability of headspace gas chromatography (GC) with a capillary column as a method for determining the ethanol content in different biological fluids. This procedure allows the use of headspace GC not only as a reference method but also in routine diagnostics and monitoring work. The ...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/19.4.241
更新日期：1995-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The effects of storage time and temperature on blood alcohol concentration were evaluated in this two-part study involving 34 ethanol-negative and 21 ethanol-positive volunteers. Multiple 10-mL Vacutainer(®) blood tubes containing 100 mg of sodium fluoride and 20 mg of potassium oxalate were collected from living pers...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/bkv061
更新日期：2015-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although the legitimate clinical use of amphetamine and amphetamine congeners is declining, the illicit use of these drugs remains high. There is a need for a rapid and conclusive method for detecting these compounds in routine urine drug testing, drug screening in drug rehabilitation centers, and as an aid in the dia...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/15.6.323
更新日期：1991-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A 69-year-old male radio technician drank an unknown amount of a liquid and died within 5 h at a hospital. Mainly silver, potassium, and calcium, among other substances, were found in the residue of the liquid from the empty bottle by means of the spectrographic method (30.7% silver and 25.5% potassium using atomic ab...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/21.7.580
更新日期：1997-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A comparison was made of several cannabinoid urine assays. Two hundred randomly selected urine specimens were initially screened by two enzyme immunoassays (EMIT-st and EMIT-d.a.u.) and a radioimmunoassay (Abuscreen RIA). Selected specimens found positive by any of these methods were further analyzed by gas-liquid chr...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/8.4.192
更新日期：1984-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Poisoning with agricultural chemicals is a major threat for wildlife all over the world. We have developed and validated an analytical scheme aimed to the identification and quantification of a wide range of pesticides in fresh liver from wildlife specimens that are routinely delivered to the forensic laboratories for...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/bku009
更新日期：2014-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Radioactive methadone, phenytoin, phenobarbital, and diazepam were easily and efficiently removed from human urine samples by adsorption on C18 bonded silica phases. These techniques were simpler than conventional extractions at pH 9.3 or 5.2 with dichloromethane, XAD-2 and methanol, or Celite 560 and dichloromethane....
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/9.6.269
更新日期：1985-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Preliminary data regarding the use of vernix caseosa (VC) as an alternative to other biological specimens for the determination of fetal cocaine exposure are presented. Advantages of VC analysis include its presence on all newborn babies, historical record of drug exposure, and ease of collection and storage. Fifteen ...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/20.6.509
更新日期：1996-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:As a part of ongoing testing of personnel preparing training aids for drug detection dogs at the Naval Criminal Investigative Service Regional Forensic Laboratory, personnel handling methamphetamine (MTH) were subject to voluntary urine drug testing. This provided a model of potential unwitting or environmental exposu...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/30.8.551
更新日期：2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cyclizine is an antihistamine with sedative effect used to treat motion sickness. A few studies have reported on cyclizine abuse among teenagers, and cyclizine abuse has been reported among opioid dependants receiving methadone, with the combination having been reported to produce strong psychoactive effects. Few repo...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/bkt100
更新日期：2014-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A selected ion monitoring gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric method for the quantitative determination of benzene in air, breath, and blood was developed utilizing a headspace assay with benzene-d3 as an internal standard. Limits of detection for 2 ng/mL in blood and 0.1 ppb in a 5-L sample of air or breath were a...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/10.6.225
更新日期：1986-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An expert system applied as a screening test for amphetamine analogues found in recreational-drug exhibits (tablets or powders) is described. The knowledge base defining the reference Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) spectral patterns has been built according to criteria encompassing toxicological, phar...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/25.1.45
更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Sixteen apparently intact procainamide tablets, in varied stages of drug depletion, were found distributed throughout the gastrointestinal tract of a man who died of arteriosclerotic heart disease with pulmonary complications. The tablets were found to contain procainamide by a thin layer chromatography system with ca...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/8.5.244
更新日期：1984-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The objective was to develop a simple routine method for quantitative measurement of endogenous formic acid in plasma and whole blood using headspace gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. (GC-FID). Two-hundred microliters of sample was placed in a 1-mL glass vial. Fifty microliters of aqueous ethanol (10%) wa...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/31.6.342
更新日期：2007-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A sensitive and specific gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method has been developed for the simultaneous analysis of methampthetamine and its metabolites (amphetamine, p-hydroxymethamphetamine, and p-hydroxyamphetamine) in monkey urine. The method has been applied to the analysis of urine samples from monk...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/13.2.117
更新日期：1989-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A new point-of-care colloidal metal immunoassay urine drugs-of-abuse testing device, the BIOSITE TRIAGE Plus Propoxyphene (TPP), was evaluated for the rapid detection of dextropropoxyphene (PPY) and/or its primary metabolite, norpropoxyphene (NP), in urine at a total PPY/NP concentration of 300 ng/mL or greater. This ...
journal_title：Journal of analytical toxicology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1093/jat/28.6.485
更新日期：2004-09-01 00:00:00
