Abstract：
:"Behavior which is effective only through the mediation of other persons has so many distinguishing dynamic and topographical properties that a special treatment is justified and indeed demanded" (Skinner, 1957, p. 2). Skinner's demand for a special treatment of verbal behavior can be extended within that field to domains such as music, poetry, drama, and the topic of this paper: mathematics. For centuries, mathematics has been of special concern to philosophers who have continually argued to the present day about what some deem its "special nature." Two interrelated principal questions have been: (1) Are the subjects of mathematical interest pre-existing in some transcendental realm and thus are "discovered" as one might discover a new planet; and (2) Why is mathematics so effective in the practices of science and engineering even though originally such mathematics was "pure" with applications neither contemplated or even desired? I argue that considering the actual practice of mathematics in its history and in the context of acquired verbal behavior one can address at least some of its apparent mysteries. To this end, I discuss some of the structural and functional features of mathematics including verbal operants, rule-and contingency-modulated behavior, relational frames, the shaping of abstraction, and the development of intuition. How is it possible to understand Nature by properly talking about it? Essentially, it is because nature taught us how to talk.
journal_name
Behav Processesjournal_title
Behavioural processesauthors
Marr MJdoi
10.1016/j.beproc.2015.03.008subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2015-05-01 00:00:00pages
34-40eissn
0376-6357issn
1872-8308pii
S0376-6357(15)00081-9journal_volume
114pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:The functional response, i.e. the change in per capita food intake rate per time unit with changed food availability, is a widely used tool for understanding the ecology and behaviour of animals. However, waterfowl remain poorly explored in this context. In an aviary experiment we derived a functional response curve f...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2007.01.001
更新日期：2007-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Some models of performance assume that behavior depends on environmental quantities (for example, rates of reinforcement) that are defined over intervals of fixed duration. Although such window models may serve as useful approximations, they are incompatible with well-known properties of behavior (for instance, sensit...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2005.02.007
更新日期：2005-05-31 00:00:00
abstract：:In two experiments with rats, we investigated the effects of using multiple contexts during extinction on renewal of lever-pressing behavior. During the first phase of both experiments, rats were reinforced to press a lever for food in Context A. Then, responses underwent extinction. For half of the animals, extinctio...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2017.06.003
更新日期：2017-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We investigate models for animal feeding behaviour, with the aim of improving understanding of how animals organise their behaviour in the short term. We consider three classes of model: hidden Markov, latent Gaussian and semi-Markov. Each can predict the typical 'clustered' feeding behaviour that is generally observe...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2004.03.014
更新日期：2004-07-30 00:00:00
abstract：:Dog cognition research tends to rely on behavioural response, which can be confounded by obedience or motivation, as the primary means of indexing dog cognitive abilities. A physiological method of measuring dog cognitive processing would be instructive and could complement behavioural response. Electroencephalogram (...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2011.09.009
更新日期：2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Despite the abundant empirical evidence on lateralized social behaviours, a clear understanding of the relative roles of two brain hemispheres in social processing is still lacking. This study investigated visual lateralization in social interactions of free-ranging European bison (Bison bonasus). The bison were more ...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2019.103959
更新日期：2019-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The present study examined the use and making of tools to obtain foodstuffs in artificial-mound holes by five captive, group-living Sumatran orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus abelii). Three adult orangutans frequently stripped leaves and twigs from a branch provided (tool-making), and then inserted the tool into a hole to ob...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2003.07.002
更新日期：2004-01-30 00:00:00
abstract：:Research on categorization has changed over time, and some of these changes resemble how Wittgenstein's views changed from his Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus to his Philosophical Investigations. Wittgenstein initially focused on unambiguous, abstract, parsimonious, logical propositions and rules, and on independent, s...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 传,历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2004.03.012
更新日期：2004-06-30 00:00:00
abstract：:The occurence of tied rank numbers in dominance hierarchies is discussed, especially its effect on the linearity of the hierarchy. This linearity is measured with Landau's index, that is calculated for several hierarchies with tied ranks on one, two of three levels. Linearity is mostly affected by ties in small groups...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0376-6357(86)90054-9
更新日期：1986-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Resurgence of previously extinguished behavior may occur when a recently reinforced alternative response is placed on extinction. Understanding the conditions that produce and reduce resurgence is important for both basic and applied researchers. Research on resurgence of human behavior may benefit from methods that f...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2017.05.004
更新日期：2017-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Personality and physiological traits often have close relationships with dominance status, but the significance and/or direction of the relationships vary between studies. This study examines whether two personality traits (aggressiveness and boldness) and three physiological traits (testosterone and cortisol levels a...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2020.104079
更新日期：2020-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study examined the contribution of response bias to measures of delay discounting in Long-Evans rats (n=8) using the adjusting amount procedure. Under this procedure, we assessed preference for 150microl of 10% sucrose solution delivered following a delay over a variable-amount alternative delivered immediately. ...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2010.02.017
更新日期：2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Natural cycles of light and darkness shift the balance of risks and gains for animals across space and time. Entrainment to photic cycles allows animals to spatiotemporally adapt their behavioural and physiological processes in line with interplaying ecological factors, such as temperature, foraging efficiency and pre...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2020.104178
更新日期：2020-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In temperate songbirds, song has traditionally been considered a vocalization mainly produced by males. However, in many temperate species, it is now recognized that both males and females produce song. The function and structure of male black-capped chickadee (Poecile atricapillus) fee-bee song have been well-studied...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2013.05.006
更新日期：2013-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The gambler's fallacy is defined as the avoidance of a winning outcome in a stochastic environment with a constant probability. We tested the possibility that the gambler's fallacy in humans is responsive to the amount of time between choice allocations. Two groups of subjects were placed in a six-choice betting game ...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2010.02.010
更新日期：2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Birds gather visual information through scanning behavior to make decisions relevant for survival (e.g., detecting predators and finding food). The goal of this study was (a) to review some visual properties involved in scanning behavior (retinal specialization for visual resolution and motion detection, visual acuity...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2011.10.006
更新日期：2012-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Hosts of interspecific brood parasites often evolve antiparasitic defences, like the recognition and rejection of parasite's eggs. Most hosts use differences in coloration and maculation to discriminate between their own and parasitic eggs, but there are a few cases of hosts using the size of eggs as a cue. To recogni...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2020.104152
更新日期：2020-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the first experiment, farmed blue foxes were allowed to choose for 1 week between four standard farm cages equipped with different floor materials: plastic-coated wire mesh, dry wood, dry sand and wet (summer) or icy (winter) sand. Resting consisted of 10-15 separate bouts/day occupying 50-60% of the total 24-h. Th...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0376-6357(00)00079-6
更新日期：2000-04-03 00:00:00
abstract：:Behavioral ontogeny involves the interaction of innate predispositions and experience. In bird song learning, one approach to exploring this interaction is to examine the songs rehearsed by young birds whose exposure to tutor models has been carefully controlled. Here, I analyzed the rehearsed repertoire in Nuttall's ...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2018.02.010
更新日期：2019-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Aggression is an extremely complex behaviour and female aggression is understudied when compared to males. Despite the fact that it has been suggested that conflict among females may be more frequently resolved peacefully, in many species females show high levels of aggression. We used Cichlasoma dimerus to describe d...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2017.12.015
更新日期：2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The generalized matching equation provides a good description of response allocation in concurrent schedules of positive reinforcement in nonhumans as well as in humans. The present experiment was conducted to further investigate the allocation of responding under concurrent schedules of negative reinforcement (i.e., ...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2015.10.015
更新日期：2015-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The ability to rehearse possible future courses of action in the mind is an important feature of advanced social cognition in humans, and the "social brain" hypothesis implies that it might also be a feature of primate social cognition. We tested two chimpanzees, six orangutans and 63 children aged 3-7 years on a set ...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2005.01.009
更新日期：2005-06-30 00:00:00
abstract：:We studied the effects of cue competition on timing in both overshadowing and blocking operant procedures with pigeons. A white center key delivered reward when pecked 30s after a red or green sidekey was presented and 10s after presentation of the alternate color on the other sidekey. In Experiment 1, key presentatio...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2010.02.018
更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Deception, a basic and pervasive biological phenomenon, takes many forms, variously referred to as mimicry, trickery, seduction, pretense, feigning, masquerading, impersonation, distraction, or false promises, and these share certain common distinguishing behavioral elements that permit them to be classified into cate...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2010.02.003
更新日期：2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Subterranean termites live underground and build tunnel networks to obtain food and nesting space. After obtaining food, termites return to their nests to transfer it. The efficiency of termite movement through the tunnels is directly connected to their survival. Tunnels should therefore be optimized to ensure highly ...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2014.12.013
更新日期：2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Three pigeons were exposed for 22 sessions to a variant of a multiple variable-time 1-min extinction reinforcement schedule in the presence of a white key. A 1.5-s stimulus change (red) preceded each 1-min component during which food was delivered and a 1.5-s stimulus change (green) preceded each extinction component....
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0376-6357(90)90025-B
更新日期：1990-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Humans respond to an infant crying with an increase in cortisol level and heightened alertness, a response interpreted as emotional contagion, a primitive form of empathy. Previous results are mixed when examining whether dogs might respond similarly to human distress. We examined whether domestic dogs, which have a l...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2014.10.006
更新日期：2014-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Significant correlations (P<0.05) between meals and preceding intervals were shown more often by Japanese quail when fed on diluted mash (40% cellulose) than with undiluted mash or pellets. They showed significant correlations between meals and succeeding intervals with about the same frequency on all three foods. Mos...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0376-6357(81)90013-9
更新日期：1981-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Within the psychological literature there are a number of models that reproduce the defining properties of habituation to a single stimulus. However, most of them do not reproduce the phenomenon of dishabituation shown in empirical studies, consisting in the recovery of a stimulus previously habituated upon the appear...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2006.06.007
更新日期：2006-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We analyzed the temporal pattern of conditioned suppression of lever-pressing for food in rats conditioned with tone-shock pairings using either a 10 or 15s conditioned stimulus (CS)-unconditioned stimulus (US) interval with a CS duration that was three times the CS-US interval. The analysis of average suppression and...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2016.01.003
更新日期：2016-03-01 00:00:00
