Human choice under schedules of negative reinforcement.

abstract：:Although contexts play many roles during training and also during testing, over the last four decades theories of learning have predominantly focused on one or the other of the two families of functions served by contexts. In this selective review, we summarize recent data concerning these two functions and their inte...

journal_title：Behavioural processes

authors： Urcelay GP,Miller RR

更新日期：2014-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Models of motivation have been traditionally classified along the lines of homeostatic/ priming dichotomies using a diversity of definitions and names. Here, similar classification is used to describe a model of behaviour made of two well-defined mechanisms connected in series representing priming and homeostasis, and...

journal_title：Behavioural processes

authors： Kadri FL,Duncan IJ

更新日期：1995-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Unrestrained, naı̈ve cats (Felis silvestris catus) (n=48: 28 males and 20 females), living in a natural domestic environment, were studied for paw preferences using a food reaching test. A total of 46% were right-preferent, 44% were left-preferent and 10% were ambilateral. 60% of the cats in our sample used one paw 10...

journal_title：Behavioural processes

authors： Pike AV,Maitland DP

更新日期：1997-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Morphological and behavioural effects of testosterone (T) and of 5 α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT) injected daily for a 3-week period at dosages of 0.5, 1, 5 and 10 mg for T and 1 and 5 mg for α-DHT were studied in the adult male castrated Japanese quail. Injections of 0.5 or 1.0 mg T produced only slight development o...

journal_title：Behavioural processes

authors： Deviche P,Schumacher M

更新日期：1982-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Live trapping is an essential element of field ecological studies. However, the act of trapping provides two types of conditional benefits (food from the bait when hungry, and refuge from a predator when threatened) against one type of drawback (confinement). Our understanding of how animals assess the two benefits ag...

journal_title：Behavioural processes

authors： Hernández MC,Navarro-Castilla Á,Planillo A,Sánchez-González B,Barja I

更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Bilateral section of the efferent pathway (tractus occipitomesencephalicus) from the archistriatum of the duck depresses fear-motivated responses as measured by (a) latency to escape in a runway test; (b) latency to approach and drink in the experimenter's presence following water deprivation, and (c) number of agonis...

journal_title：Behavioural processes

authors： Martin JT,Delanerolle N,Phillips RE

更新日期：1979-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The movement behaviour of mullet, Mugil cephalus (Linnaeus), an obligate schooling fish species, was recorded for individuals in small groups. Mean speeds and mean turning frequencies both declined significantly with increasing group size. Significant differences between groups were attributed to individual variation....

journal_title：Behavioural processes

authors： Fitzsimmons SD,Warburton K

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We investigate models for animal feeding behaviour, with the aim of improving understanding of how animals organise their behaviour in the short term. We consider three classes of model: hidden Markov, latent Gaussian and semi-Markov. Each can predict the typical 'clustered' feeding behaviour that is generally observe...

journal_title：Behavioural processes

authors： Allcroft DJ,Tolkamp BJ,Glasbey CA,Kyriazakis I

更新日期：2004-07-30 00:00:00

abstract：:In a bidirectional control procedure, rats had their first opportunity to push a joystick immediately after observing, from an adjacent compartment, the joystick moving 50 times either to the right or to the left, with each movement signalling the delivery of inaccessible food. Half of these animals observed the joyst...

journal_title：Behavioural processes

authors： Heyes CM,Jaldow E,Nokes T,Dawson GR

更新日期：1994-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Background matching is an important way to camouflage and is widespread among animals. In the field, however, few studies have addressed background matching, and there has been no reported camouflage efficiency in freshwater turtles. Background matching and camouflage efficiency of the four-eyed turtle, Sacalia quadri...

journal_title：Behavioural processes

authors： Xiao F,Yang C,Shi H,Wang J,Sun L,Lin L

更新日期：2016-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Four pigeons were exposed to various fixed-interval (FI) 30-s conditions which included a standard FI30-s condition. In all remaining conditions, a red "start" key light began the interval. Completion of various fixed ratios (FR) on the start key lit a green "work" key light. In Experiment 1, one peck on the start key...

journal_title：Behavioural processes

authors： Rutter S

更新日期：1990-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The 'chick-a-dee' call, common to all members of the genus Poecile, is used by both sexes throughout the year to putatively co-ordinate flock movements and register alarm. In some regions, two or more chickadee species occupy overlapping territories, and therefore it is essential that these sympatric species learn to ...

journal_title：Behavioural processes

authors： Bloomfield LL,Farrell TM,Sturdy CB

更新日期：2008-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Previous research in our laboratory has demonstrated that chimpanzees can delay gratification by inhibiting consumption of available food items for as long as 3 min as an experimenter transfers additional food items from a transparent container to a bowl placed in front of the subject. In this study, we examined the i...

journal_title：Behavioural processes

authors： Beran MJ,Evans TA

更新日期：2006-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:When competing for mates, males typically exhibit higher rates of intrasexual aggression and courtship than females. Operational sex ratio, represented here by adult sex ratio (ASR) as a proxy, is likely the best predictor of this competition, which typically increases between members of one sex as members of the oppo...

journal_title：Behavioural processes

authors： Chuard PJC,Brown GE,Grant JWA

更新日期：2016-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rodent urine provides animals with a large amount of information, from the identity of the animal through its physical condition to social status. Many studies therefore focus on rodent urine-marking behaviour and use marking frequency as an indicator of social status or competitive ability. However, marking, like man...

journal_title：Behavioural processes

authors： Lantová P,Brixová L,Lanta V

更新日期：2012-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The requirement for assessing the effects of stressor combinations in improving the welfare of animals has not been widely recognised. Knowledge of the effects of concurrent stressors is needed to improve environments such as transport, where animals are presented with many simultaneous challenges. However, no method ...

journal_title：Behavioural processes

authors： Abeyesinghe SM,Nicol CJ,Wathes CM,Randall JM

更新日期：2001-12-03 00:00:00

abstract：:Operant and maze tasks in mice are limited by the small number of trials possible in a session before mice lose motivation. We hypothesized that by manipulating reward size and session length, motivation, and hence performance, would be maintained in an automated T-maze. We predicted that larger rewards and shorter se...

journal_title：Behavioural processes

authors： Gaskill BN,Lucas JR,Pajor EA,Garner JP

更新日期：2011-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Sexual cannibalism is a widespread phenomenon among a few animal taxa. Its occurrence is interpreted as female and/or male optimal reproductive decisions or as a non-adaptive side effect of selection for efficiently foraging females. In spite of the amount of research addressed at understanding its evolutionary origin...

journal_title：Behavioural processes

authors： Fernández-Montraveta C,González JM,Cuadrado M

更新日期：2014-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This study aimed to develop and characterize a novel (standard) open field test adapted for larval zebrafish. We also developed and characterized a variant of the same assay consisting of a colour-enriched open field; this was used to assess the impact of environmental complexity on patterns of exploratory behaviours ...

journal_title：Behavioural processes

authors： Ahmad F,Richardson MK

更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Studies of cognitive ability in farm animals are valuable, not only because they provide indicators of the commonality of comparative influence, but understanding farm animal cognition may also aid in management and treatment procedures. Here, eight dwarf goats (Capra hircus) learned a series of 10 visual four-choice ...

journal_title：Behavioural processes

authors： Langbein J,Siebert K,Nuernberg G

更新日期：2008-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A captive vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) colony was divided into subgroups to determine the influence of the control male and the control female on the expression of control role behaviors in other group members. Separation from the control male invariably caused an increase in the control male factor ...

journal_title：Behavioural processes

authors： Fairbanks LA,McGuire MT

更新日期：1979-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent research in the behavioral decision making literature has demonstrated that humans hyperbolically discount the subjective value of options as the number of options increases (Reed et al., 2012). These findings provide a cognitive-behavioral synthesis of the "choice overload" phenomenon, also known as the "parad...

journal_title：Behavioural processes

authors： Kaplan BA,Reed DD

更新日期：2013-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The influence of food deprivation on acquisition of autoshaped operant behavior was measured. In one study separate groups of young, male rats that were deprived to 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, and 95% of ad lib weight were subjected to an autoshaping procedure in which a 6 s delay was interposed between lever retraction (whic...

journal_title：Behavioural processes

authors： Sparber SB,Bollweg GL,Messing RB

更新日期：1991-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Quinlan's ID3 algorithm has been used to induce, from behavioral sequences observed on mice in day and night conditions, rules linking each activity to the three preceding ones in a given sequence. These rules were then input into two expert systems so that they might be validated on other behavioral sequences. It is ...

journal_title：Behavioural processes

authors： Meyer JA,Guillot A

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:An experiment with rats investigated forgetting of inhibition of delay in the conditioned suppression paradigm. The combined effects of contextual change and retention interval were tested. After a reliable temporal discrimination was reached, half of the rats received a test in the training context after a retention ...

journal_title：Behavioural processes

authors： Rosas JM,Alonso G

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This study investigated rats' preferences for using non-spatial and spatial cues in a missing-object recognition task. Rats were trained to find a sunflower seed under any one of four previously missing adjacent objects, the test array of a trial, after having found seeds under three of them in the 'study' array of th...

journal_title：Behavioural processes

authors： Arain M,Cohen J

更新日期：2013-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Many organisms exhibit diverse anti-predator tactics, influenced by genetics and prior experience. In ectothermic taxa, offspring phenotypes are often sensitive to developmental temperatures. If the effectiveness of alternative anti-predator responses depends on thermally sensitive traits, then the temperatures experi...

journal_title：Behavioural processes

authors： Hagman M,Löwenborg K,Shine R

更新日期：2015-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hypothalamic levels of TRH were contrasted in identified dominant and submissive (housed together for 4 days) Swiss male mice and undisturbed 'isolated' counterparts. Both dominants and submissives had significantly higher titres of this hormone than the 'isolates', suggesting that the experience of fighting relativel...

journal_title：Behavioural processes

authors： Mainardi M,Vescovi PP,Valenti G,Martino E,Brain PF

更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Dominance relationships were studied between marked or otherwise individually recognizable male green swordtails in a creek at Lake Catemaco and in a tributary of the Rio Atoyac (Veracruz, Mexico). The Atoyac population is unique because of a high degree of polymorphism, including both macromelanophore spotting and a ...

journal_title：Behavioural processes

authors： Franck D,Klamroth B,Taebel-Hellwig A,Schartl M

更新日期：1998-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Aposematic prey advertise their toxicity to predators using conspicuous warning signals, which predators learn to use to reduce their intake of toxic prey. Like other types of prey, aposematic prey often differ in body size, both within and between species. Increasing body size can increase signal size, which make lar...

journal_title：Behavioural processes

authors： Smith KE,Halpin CG,Rowe C

更新日期：2014-11-01 00:00:00