Abstract：
:Background matching is an important way to camouflage and is widespread among animals. In the field, however, few studies have addressed background matching, and there has been no reported camouflage efficiency in freshwater turtles. Background matching and camouflage efficiency of the four-eyed turtle, Sacalia quadriocellata, among three microhabitat sections of Hezonggou stream were investigated by measuring carapace components of CIE L*a*b* (International Commission on Illumination; lightness, red/green and yellow/blue) color space, and scoring camouflage efficiency through the use of humans as predators. The results showed that the color difference (ΔE), lightness difference (ΔL(*)), and chroma difference (Δa(*)b(*)) between carapace and the substrate background in midstream were significantly lower than that upstream and downstream, indicating that the four-eyed turtle carapace color most closely matched the substrate of midstream. In line with these findings, the camouflage efficiency was the best for the turtles that inhabit midstream. These results suggest that the four-eyed turtles may enhance camouflage efficiency by selecting microhabitat that best match their carapace color. This finding may explain the high population density of the four-eyed turtle in the midstream section of Hezonggou stream. To the best of our knowledge, this study is among the first to quantify camouflage of freshwater turtles in the wild, laying the groundwork to further study the function and mechanisms of turtle camouflage.
journal_name
Behav Processesjournal_title
Behavioural processesauthors
Xiao F,Yang C,Shi H,Wang J,Sun L,Lin Ldoi
10.1016/j.beproc.2016.08.007subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2016-10-01 00:00:00pages
40-6eissn
0376-6357issn
1872-8308pii
S0376-6357(16)30201-7journal_volume
131pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Experiment I used non-naive pigeons having previously performed on both keypecking and treadlepressing Fixed Interval schedules. In condition IT, treadlepressing was reinforced on successive Fixed Interval 60 seconds, Fixed Time 60 seconds and Fixed Interval 60 seconds schedules. Subsequently (condition IK), the same ...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0376-6357(85)90055-5
更新日期：1985-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Voluntary exercise by rats running in a freely rotating wheel (free wheel) produces conditioned taste avoidance (CTA) of a flavored solution consumed before running [e.g., Lett, B.T., Grant, V.L., 1996. Wheel running induces conditioned taste aversion in rats trained while hungry and thirsty. Physiol. Behav. 59, 699-7...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2006.12.002
更新日期：2007-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Models of animal timing often assume the existence of a pacemaker whose variance is produced by a Poisson process. Later stages in these models typically include an accumulator, additional sources of variance, and a process in which the accumulated value is compared to reference memory. Together, these stages produce ...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0376-6357(98)00044-8
更新日期：1998-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Birds overwintering at northern latitudes face challenging environments in which refined cognitive and behavioural responses to environmental stimuli could be a benefit. Populations of the same species from different latitudes have been shown to differ in their cognitive and behavioural responses, and these difference...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2019.01.012
更新日期：2019-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In biparental species, each parent represents a semi-independent source of variable caregiving. The nature of care may differ between parents, and the type of care offspring seek is likely to change across development. We asked if caregiving differed between prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) mothers and fathers, and...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2019.104022
更新日期：2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Twenty-six male rats, maintained on a 23-h food deprivation regime, were trained on a DRL learning schedule. During pretraining (CRF) rats were placed in two groups according to speed in obtaining the criterion (good and poor learners). The performance of good and poor learners, injected with lysine vasopressin (LVP) ...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0376-6357(83)90023-2
更新日期：1983-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Despite the prevalence and research interest of animal personality, its underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Due to the essential role of monoamines in modulating behaviour, we manipulated the monoaminergic systems of Mediterranean field crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus) to explore whether this altered beh...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2020.104298
更新日期：2021-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Source memory, a facet of episodic memory, is the memory of the origin of information. Whereas source memory in rats is sustained for at least a week, spatial memory degraded after approximately a day. Different forgetting functions may suggest that two memory systems (source memory and spatial memory) are dissociated...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2017.09.018
更新日期：2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The use of trail communication by red wood-ants, Formica aquilonia Yarrow, foraging to sugar baits, was investigated by providing a laboratory colony with aqueous sucrose at two novel feeding sites, with a third site, providing no food, as a control. During trials, the sites were connected to the nest by paper bridges...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0376-6357(94)90040-X
更新日期：1994-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:I investigated the effect of a winning or losing experience on the outcome of an individual's next aggressive encounter among captive American Goldfinches (Carduelis tristis ). Aggressive encounters occurring over access to a feeder were videotaped during the winter of 1985-1986. Both dominants and subordinates were m...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0376-6357(88)90014-9
更新日期：1988-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mice are emerging as an important behavioral model for studies of auditory perception and acoustic communication. These mammals frequently produce ultrasonic vocalizations, although the details of how these vocalizations are used for communication are not entirely understood. An important step in determining how they ...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2014.04.016
更新日期：2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Human recreation can negatively affect wildlife, particularly on weekends when human activity is highest (i.e., the weekend effect). Much of what we understand about the weekend effect is based on research conducted on diurnal species, which have greater temporal overlap with humans. Because nocturnal species generall...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2017.11.002
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We trained rats in a context discrimination paradigm by pairing a sucrose solution with lithium chloride in one context (conditioning context) and simple exposure to the same fluid in a second (neutral) context to establish a context-dependent aversion to the conditioned fluid. We then investigated whether transfer of...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2013.12.014
更新日期：2014-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Sometimes the nests of the paper wasp Polistes dominulus are parasitized by the obligate social parasite Polistes sulcifer. It is not known how, in the spring, this parasite searches for established nests of its host species. This study investigates the capacity to detect the host nest by olfactory cues alone. In labo...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0376-6357(95)00030-5
更新日期：1996-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Animals foraging in heterogeneous environments benefit from information on local resource density because it allows allocation of foraging effort to rich patches. In foraging groups, this information may be obtained by individuals through sampling or by observing the foraging behaviour of group members. We studied the...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2005.04.003
更新日期：2005-08-31 00:00:00
abstract：:This study examined the contribution of response bias to measures of delay discounting in Long-Evans rats (n=8) using the adjusting amount procedure. Under this procedure, we assessed preference for 150microl of 10% sucrose solution delivered following a delay over a variable-amount alternative delivered immediately. ...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2010.02.017
更新日期：2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Norway rat subjects were exposed for either 3 or 10 days to conspecific demonstrators eating a cinnamon-flavoured, protein-deficient diet. While in contact with their demonstrators, and for several days thereafter, subjects were offered a choice between the cinnamon-flavoured, protein-deficient diet that their demonst...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0376-6357(95)00008-i
更新日期：1995-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The present study investigated whether rats' responding for liquid-sucrose reinforcement delivered by a progressive-ratio (PR) schedule would be altered by the addition of food-pellet reinforcement available subsequent to the PR schedule. In Experiment 1, six rats lever pressed for 1% sucrose reinforcers delivered by ...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0376-6357(03)00033-0
更新日期：2003-06-30 00:00:00
abstract：:In response to changes in odorous environmental conditions, most species (ranging from lower invertebrates to mammals), demonstrate high adaptive behavioral performances. Complex natural chemical signals (i.e. odorous blends involved in food search), are particularly unstable and fluctuating, in quality, space and tim...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0376-6357(95)00062-3
更新日期：1995-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To assess how variable is the aggressive behavior among families (A, B, and C) and the experience effect of fighting among juvenile Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis), we performed a total of 36 pairs of intrafamily and interfamily contests between three families of Eriocheir sinensis, qualifying and quantifying...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2019.06.002
更新日期：2019-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:White Leghorn layers (WL) show modified foraging strategies, compared to their ancestor, the red jungle fowl (RJF). Birds selected for high production may invest more resources into production traits and less in other biological processes. This may affect the capacity to adapt to new or variable environments. Thirty b...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2009.02.005
更新日期：2009-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The risk allocation hypothesis predicts that vigilance should be adjusted to the temporal variation in risk. We test this hypothesis in wild fallow deer exposed to short term (disturbance) and long term (presence of a fawn after parturition) changes in risk. We recorded the proportion, frequency and type of vigilance ...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2016.04.005
更新日期：2016-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The use of tool or tool-like food processing behaviours can render animals vulnerable to theft (kleptoparasitism) because (1) large, nutritious items are usually involved, (2) value is added to the food due to long and/or complex handling, and (3) physical control of items is often temporarily lost during handling. In...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2006.08.006
更新日期：2006-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Three hens were trained to door push and three were trained to head bob using food as the reinforcer (Behaviour 1 training). A period of extinction followed. Each hen was then trained to perform the other behaviour (Behaviour 2) and this was followed by seven sessions of extinction. This whole sequence was repeated si...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0376-6357(00)00131-5
更新日期：2000-12-07 00:00:00
abstract：:The ability to rehearse possible future courses of action in the mind is an important feature of advanced social cognition in humans, and the "social brain" hypothesis implies that it might also be a feature of primate social cognition. We tested two chimpanzees, six orangutans and 63 children aged 3-7 years on a set ...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2005.01.009
更新日期：2005-06-30 00:00:00
abstract：:Predation is a very powerful force that shapes many ungulate traits. It is widely known that increasing vigilance intensity is costly and leads to a decline of forage intake. Consequently, ungulates gather into larger groups to reduce an individual vigilance burden by using the "many eyes" effect and to enhance their ...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2018.07.008
更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The heterogeneity of group data can obscure a significant effect of an intervention due to differential baseline scores. Instead of discarding the seemingly heterogeneous response set, an orderly lawful relationship could be present. Rate dependence describes a pattern between a baseline and the change in that baselin...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2016.03.012
更新日期：2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Animals that are potential prey do not respond equally to direct and indirect cues related to risk of predation. Based on differential responses to cues, three hypotheses have been proposed to explain spatial variation in vigilance behavior. The predator-vigilance hypothesis proposes that prey increase vigilance where...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.007
更新日期：2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Despite a shared recognition that the design of the human mind and the design of human culture are tightly linked, researchers in the evolutionary social sciences tend to specialize in understanding one at the expense of the other. The disciplinary boundaries roughly correspond to research traditions that focus more o...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.beproc.2018.05.013
更新日期：2019-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The influences of the mu blocker naloxone and the novel opioid delta receptor antagonist ICI, 154, 129 on videotaped encounters between individually-housed, male Swiss mice and anosmic male 'standard opponents' were assessed using a variety of ethological analyses. The effects of drugs were studied on individual eleme...
journal_title：Behavioural processes
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0376-6357(85)90035-X
更新日期：1985-05-01 00:00:00
