Abstract：
:Proteins regulate many cellular functions and analyzing the presence and abundance of proteins in biological samples are central focuses in proteomics. The discovery and validation of biomarkers, pathways, and drug targets for various diseases can be accomplished using mass spectrometry-based proteomics. However, with mass-limited samples like tumor biopsies, it can be challenging to obtain sufficient amounts of proteins to generate high-quality mass spectrometric data. Techniques developed for macroscale quantities recover sufficient amounts of protein from milligram quantities of starting material, but sample losses become crippling with these techniques when only microgram amounts of material are available. To combat this challenge, proteomicists have developed micro-scale techniques that are compatible with decreased sample size (100 μg or lower) and still enable excellent proteome coverage. Extraction, contaminant removal, protein quantitation, and sample handling techniques for the microgram protein range are reviewed here, with an emphasis on liquid chromatography and bottom-up mass spectrometry-compatible techniques. Also, a range of biological specimens, including mammalian tissues and model cell culture systems, are discussed.
journal_name
Int J Mol Scijournal_title
International journal of molecular sciencesauthors
Feist P,Hummon ABdoi
10.3390/ijms16023537subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2015-02-05 00:00:00pages
3537-63issue
2issn
1422-0067pii
ijms16023537journal_volume
16pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Plants are constantly subjected to a variety of environmental stresses and have evolved regulatory responses to overcome unfavorable conditions that might reduce or adversely change a plant's growth or development. Among these, the regulated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a signaling molecule occurs du...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms20061413
更新日期：2019-03-20 00:00:00
abstract：:Clofazimine (CLZ) is an effective antibiotic used against a wide spectrum of Gram-positive bacteria and leprosy. One of its main drawbacks is its poor solubility in water. Silica based materials are used as drug delivery carriers that can increase the solubility of different hydrophobic drugs. Here, we studied how the...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms20122859
更新日期：2019-06-12 00:00:00
abstract：:Metabolic reprogramming that favors high glycolytic flux with lactate production in normoxia is among cancer hallmarks. Lactate is an essential oncometabolite regulating cellular redox homeostasis, energy substrate partitioning, and intracellular signaling. Moreover, malignant phenotype's chief characteristics are dep...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms21249676
更新日期：2020-12-18 00:00:00
abstract：:Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a leading genetic disorder of intellectual disability caused by the loss of the functional fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). To date, there is no efficacious mechanism-based medication for FXS. With regard to potential disease mechanisms in FXS, it is widely accepted that the lac...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms21239327
更新日期：2020-12-07 00:00:00
abstract：:Impairment of skeletal muscle function causes disabilities in elderly people. Therefore, in an aged society, prevention and treatment of sarcopenia are important for expanding healthy life expectancy. In addition to aging, adipose tissue disfunction and inflammation also contribute to the pathogenesis of sarcopenia by...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms21093182
更新日期：2020-04-30 00:00:00
abstract：:Monoclonal antibody G250 (mAbG250) recognizes a determinant on carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX). CAIX is expressed by virtually all renal cell carcinomas of the clear cell type (ccRCC), but expression in normal tissues is restricted. The homogeneous CAIX expression in ccRCC and excellent targeting capability of mAbG250 in...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms140611402
更新日期：2013-05-29 00:00:00
abstract：:The spleen plays an important role in coordinating both adaptive and innate immune responses. Here, the transcriptional response to T. gondii infection in the murine spleen was characterized concerning inflammasome sensors (two different models: seven days after oral or four weeks after intraperitoneal infection). Add...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms18061245
更新日期：2017-06-10 00:00:00
abstract：:Autophagy primarily works to counteract nutrient deprivation that is strongly engaged during starvation and hypoxia, which happens in hypoperfusion. Nonetheless, autophagy is slightly active even in baseline conditions, when it is useful to remove aged proteins and organelles. This is critical when the mitochondria an...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms19092756
更新日期：2018-09-13 00:00:00
abstract：:The cell membrane is a complex and highly regulated system that is composed of lipid bilayer and proteins. One of the main functions of the cell membrane is the regulation of cell entry. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are defined as peptides that can cross the plasma membrane and deliver their cargo inside the cell....
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms21134719
更新日期：2020-07-02 00:00:00
abstract：:Nitrogen is an important macronutrient required for plant growth, and is a limiting factor for crop productivity. Improving the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is therefore crucial. At present, the NUE mechanism is unclear and information on the genes associated with NUE in soybeans is lacking. cystathionine beta syntha...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms17050620
更新日期：2016-04-26 00:00:00
abstract：:Following major advances in the field of medicinal chemistry, novel drugs can now be designed systematically, instead of relying on old trial and error approaches. Current drug design strategies can be classified as being either ligand- or structure-based depending on the design process. In this paper, by describing t...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms12085304
更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Tanshinone IIA (Tan-IIA) is an extract from the widely used traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza), and has been found to attenuate the proliferation of bladder cancer (BCa) cells (The IC50 were: 5637, 2.6 μg/mL; BFTC, 2 μg/mL; T24, 2.7 μg/mL, respectively.). However, the mechanism of the eff...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms18081616
更新日期：2017-07-25 00:00:00
abstract：:Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a leading cause of organ dysfunction and failure in numerous pathological and surgical settings. At the core of this issue lies mitochondrial dysfunction. Hence, strategies that prime mitochondria towards damage resilience might prove applicable in a clinical setting. A pro...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms21144896
更新日期：2020-07-11 00:00:00
abstract：:Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is an underreported and underestimated adverse drug reaction. Information on the documented hepatotoxicity of drugs has recently been made available by a website that can be accessed in the public domain: LiverTox (http://livertox.nlm.nih.gov). According to critical analy...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms17020224
更新日期：2016-02-06 00:00:00
abstract：:The role of E-cadherin in Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer (HDGC) is unequivocal. Germline alterations in its encoding gene (CDH1) are causative of HDGC and occur in about 40% of patients. Importantly, while in most cases CDH1 alterations result in the complete loss of E-cadherin associated with a well-established cl...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms18122687
更新日期：2017-12-12 00:00:00
abstract：:Stem cells harbor significant potential for regenerative medicine as well as basic and clinical translational research. Prior to harnessing their reparative nature for degenerative diseases, concerns regarding their genetic integrity and mutation acquisition need to be addressed. Here we review pluripotent and multipo...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms151120948
更新日期：2014-11-14 00:00:00
abstract：:The activating leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILRAs) play an important role in innate immunity. However, most of the LILRA members have not been characterized in avian species including chickens. The present study is the first attempt at cloning, structural analysis and functional characterization of two LI...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms19092710
更新日期：2018-09-11 00:00:00
abstract：:Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an immune-mediated cholestatic disease. Vitamin D receptor (VDR)-dependent signaling constrains an inflammatory response by targeting the miRNA155-SOCS1 (suppressor of cytokine signaling 1) axis. The VDR-miRNA155-SOCS1 pathway was investigated in the context of the autoimmune respo...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms18020289
更新日期：2017-01-29 00:00:00
abstract：:The thymus generates central immune tolerance by producing self-restricted and self-tolerant T-cells as a result of interactions between the developing thymocytes and the stromal microenvironment, mainly formed by the thymic epithelial cells. The thymic epithelium derives from the endoderm of the pharyngeal pouches, e...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms21165765
更新日期：2020-08-11 00:00:00
abstract：:Detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs) microdomains, or "raft lipids", are key components of the plasma membrane (PM), being involved in membrane trafficking, signal transduction, cell wall metabolism or endocytosis. Proteins imbibed in these domains play important roles in these cellular functions, but there are few st...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms21207694
更新日期：2020-10-17 00:00:00
abstract：:Gene fusions have a very important role in the study of cancer development. In this regard, predicting the probability of protein fusion transcripts of developing into a cancer is a very challenging and yet not fully explored research problem. To this date, all the available approaches in literature try to explain the...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms20071645
更新日期：2019-04-02 00:00:00
abstract：:Wound healing is a complex process with a linear development that involves many actors in a multistep timeline commonly divided into four stages: Hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Chronic non-healing wounds fail to progress beyond the inflammatory phase, thus precluding the next steps and, ultim...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms20153721
更新日期：2019-07-30 00:00:00
abstract：:The domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo) is an important model organism for the study of avian influenza and other diseases of humans and animals, as well as a popular pet animal. In order to evaluate genetic diversity and study disease relationships in ferrets, 22 nuclear microsatellite loci (17 dinucleotide and 5...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms131216592
更新日期：2012-12-05 00:00:00
abstract：:Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is the second most common type of liver cancer, and is highly aggressive with very poor prognosis. CCA is classified into intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) and extra-hepatic cholangiocarcinoma (eCCA), which is further stratified into perihilar (pCCA) and distal (dCCA). Cancer stem cells (...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms20174154
更新日期：2019-08-25 00:00:00
abstract：:Acute kidney injury (AKI) in critically ill children and adults is associated with significant short- and long-term morbidity and mortality. As serum creatinine- and urine output-based definitions of AKI have relevant limitations, there is a persistent need for better diagnostics of AKI. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NM...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms21041187
更新日期：2020-02-11 00:00:00
abstract：:Many studies have addressed several plant-insect interaction topics at nutritional, molecular, physiological, and evolutionary levels. However, it is still unknown how flexible the metabolism and the nutritional content of specialist insect herbivores feeding on different closely related plants can be. We performed el...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms20010059
更新日期：2018-12-24 00:00:00
abstract：:The outermost barrier layer of the skin is the stratum corneum (SC), which consists of corneocytes embedded in a lipid matrix. Biosynthesis of barrier lipids occurs de novo in the epidermis or is performed with externally derived lipids. Hence, in vitro developed human skin equivalents (HSEs) are developed with cultur...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms20236069
更新日期：2019-12-02 00:00:00
abstract：:To elucidate the molecular details of the activation-associated clustering of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs), the time course of the mobility and aggregation states of eGFP tagged EGFR in the membranes of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells was assessed by in situ mobility assays. Fluorescence correlation spe...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms20133370
更新日期：2019-07-09 00:00:00
abstract：:Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a heterogeneous malignancy with a broad spectrum of clinical behavior from indolent to highly aggressive cases. Despite the fact that MCL remains in most cases incurable by currently applied immunochemotherapy, our increasing knowledge on the biology of MCL in the last two decades has led...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms20184417
更新日期：2019-09-08 00:00:00
abstract：:The ankyrin repeat domain 1 (ANKRD1) protein is a cardiac-specific stress-response protein that is part of the muscle ankyrin repeat protein family. ANKRD1 is functionally pleiotropic, playing pivotal roles in transcriptional regulation, sarcomere assembly and mechano-sensing in the heart. Importantly, cardiac ANKRD1 ...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms18071362
更新日期：2017-06-26 00:00:00
