Affiliation, empathy, and the origins of theory of mind.

abstract：:Turbulence is an important determinant of phytoplankton physiology, often leading to cell stress and damage. Turbulence affects phytoplankton migration both by transporting cells and by triggering switches in migratory behavior, whereby vertically migrating cells can actively invert their direction of migration upon e...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Carrara F,Sengupta A,Behrendt L,Vardi A,Stocker R

更新日期：2021-02-02 00:00:00

abstract：:PCSK9 encodes proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9a (PCSK9), a member of the proteinase K subfamily of subtilases. Missense mutations in PCSK9 cause an autosomal dominant form of hypercholesterolemia in humans, likely due to a gain-of-function mechanism because overexpression of either WT or mutant PCSK9 redu...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Rashid S,Curtis DE,Garuti R,Anderson NN,Bashmakov Y,Ho YK,Hammer RE,Moon YA,Horton JD

更新日期：2005-04-12 00:00:00

abstract：:The sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) mediates active I(-) transport in the thyroid-the first step in thyroid hormone biosynthesis-with a 2 Na(+): 1 I(-) stoichiometry. The two Na(+) binding sites (Na1 and Na2) and the I(-) binding site interact allosterically: when Na(+) binds to a Na(+) site, the affinity of NIS for the...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Ferrandino G,Nicola JP,Sánchez YE,Echeverria I,Liu Y,Amzel LM,Carrasco N

更新日期：2016-09-13 00:00:00

abstract：:Sequence polymorphism of class II major histocompatibility complex-encoded molecules (Ia) not only accounts for the allelic variability in Ia structure relevant to T-lymphocyte responses but also seems to result in differential quantitative expression of particular Ia heterodimers. The contributions of different allel...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Braunstein NS,Germain RN

更新日期：1987-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Restenosis, a process characterized in part by excessive smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation in areas of vascular injury, occurs in up to 50% of patients undergoing balloon angioplasty. In an effort to develop a treatment strategy for restenosis, we constructed a replication-deficient recombinant adenovirus (AdMLP....

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Guzman RJ,Hirschowitz EA,Brody SL,Crystal RG,Epstein SE,Finkel T

更新日期：1994-10-25 00:00:00

abstract：:Regulation of IFN signaling is critical in host recognition and response to pathogens while its dysregulation underlies the pathogenesis of several chronic diseases. STimulator of IFN Genes (STING) has been identified as a critical mediator of IFN inducing innate immune pathways, but little is known about direct coreg...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Li Y,James SJ,Wyllie DH,Wynne C,Czibula A,Bukhari A,Pye K,Bte Mustafah SM,Fajka-Boja R,Szabo E,Angyal A,Hegedus Z,Kovacs L,Hill AVS,Jefferies CA,Wilson HL,Yongliang Z,Kiss-Toth E

更新日期：2019-08-13 00:00:00

abstract：:A fundamental, yet underexplored, materials system is the interface between biological molecules and inorganic surfaces. In an elemental approach to this problem, we have systematically examined the adhesion of amino acids to a series of inorganic surfaces including metals, insulators, and semiconductors. Significant ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Willett RL,Baldwin KW,West KW,Pfeiffer LN

更新日期：2005-05-31 00:00:00

abstract：:Since the days of Hertz, radio transmitters have evolved from rudimentary circuits emitting around 50 MHz to modern ubiquitous Wi-Fi devices operating at gigahertz radio bands. As wireless data traffic continues to increase, there is a need for new communication technologies capable of high-frequency operation for hig...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Piccardo M,Tamagnone M,Schwarz B,Chevalier P,Rubin NA,Wang Y,Wang CA,Connors MK,McNulty D,Belyanin A,Capasso F

更新日期：2019-05-07 00:00:00

abstract：:The karyophilic properties of the HIV-1 nucleoprotein complex facilitate infection of nondividing cells such as macrophages and quiescent T lymphocytes, and allow the in vivo delivery of transgenes by HIV-derived retroviral vectors into terminally differentiated cells such as neurons. Although the viral matrix (MA) an...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Gallay P,Hope T,Chin D,Trono D

更新日期：1997-09-02 00:00:00

abstract：:According to a current "RNA first" model for the origin of life, RNA emerged in some form on early Earth to become the first biopolymer to support Darwinism here. Threose nucleic acid (TNA) and other polyelectrolytes are also considered as the possible first Darwinian biopolymer(s). This model is being developed by re...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Kim HJ,Benner SA

更新日期：2017-10-24 00:00:00

abstract：:Cancers frequently arise as a result of an acquired genomic instability and the subsequent clonal evolution of neoplastic cells with variable patterns of genetic aberrations. Thus, the presence and behaviors of distinct clonal populations in each patient's tumor may underlie multiple clinical phenotypes in cancers. We...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Ruiz C,Lenkiewicz E,Evers L,Holley T,Robeson A,Kiefer J,Demeure MJ,Hollingsworth MA,Shen M,Prunkard D,Rabinovitch PS,Zellweger T,Mousses S,Trent JM,Carpten JD,Bubendorf L,Von Hoff D,Barrett MT

更新日期：2011-07-19 00:00:00

abstract：:It has been controversial whether the cytochrome oxidase (CO)-dense blobs in primate primary visual cortex (V1) and CO-dense thin stripes in visual area 2 (V2) are parts of a cortical color-processing stream that is segregated from other functional streams. One of the key pieces of evidence for the segregated color st...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Xiao Y,Felleman DJ

更新日期：2004-05-04 00:00:00

abstract：:In savannas, predicting how vegetation varies is a longstanding challenge. Spatial patterning in vegetation may structure that variability, mediated by spatial interactions, including competition and facilitation. Here, we use unique high-resolution, spatially extensive data of tree distributions in an African savanna...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Staver AC,Asner GP,Rodriguez-Iturbe I,Levin SA,Smit IPJ

更新日期：2019-05-28 00:00:00

abstract：:Neural crest stem cells can be isolated from differentiated cultures of human pluripotent stem cells, but the process is inefficient and requires cell sorting to obtain a highly enriched population. No specific method for directed differentiation of human pluripotent cells toward neural crest stem cells has yet been r...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Menendez L,Yatskievych TA,Antin PB,Dalton S

更新日期：2011-11-29 00:00:00

abstract：:Locus content maps are derived from monosomic or disomic chromosomes broken by radiation, shearing, or other clastogen, the fragments being distributed among clones by dilution or incorporation into the cells of another species and scored for segregation of markers. Locus content maps provide evidence about radiosensi...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Teague JW,Collins A,Morton NE

更新日期：1996-10-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent analysis of complete eukaryotic genome sequences has revealed that gene duplication has been rampant. Moreover, next to a continuous mode of gene duplication, in many eukaryotic organisms the complete genome has been duplicated in their evolutionary past. Such large-scale gene duplication events have been assoc...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Maere S,De Bodt S,Raes J,Casneuf T,Van Montagu M,Kuiper M,Van de Peer Y

更新日期：2005-04-12 00:00:00

abstract：:The ubiquitous aquaporin channels are able to conduct water across cell membranes, combining the seemingly antagonist functions of a very high selectivity with a remarkable permeability. Whereas molecular details are obvious keys to perform these tasks, the overall efficiency of transport in such nanopores is also str...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Gravelle S,Joly L,Detcheverry F,Ybert C,Cottin-Bizonne C,Bocquet L

更新日期：2013-10-08 00:00:00

abstract：:The heterogeneous RNA of the HeLa cell nucleus contains short internal poly(A) sequences which, in contrast to the longer poly(A) sequences at the 3' ends, are not found in messenger RNA of the cytoplasm. A distinct origin for each of these homologous sequences is evident when the effects of actinomycin D and 3'-deoxy...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Nakazato H,Edmonds M,Kopp DW

更新日期：1974-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The molecular mechanisms by which transcription is selectively activated and precisely controlled by signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat) factors represent a central issue in cytokine-mediated cellular responses. Stat6 mediates responses to IL-4 and antagonizes Stat1 activated by IFN-gamma. We have ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Goenka S,Boothby M

更新日期：2006-03-14 00:00:00

abstract：:Previous studies implicate the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMN) in glycemic control. Here, we report that selective inhibition of the subset of VMN neurons that express the transcription factor steroidogenic-factor 1 (VMN(SF1) neurons) blocks recovery from insulin-induced hypoglycemia whereas, conversely, activ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Meek TH,Nelson JT,Matsen ME,Dorfman MD,Guyenet SJ,Damian V,Allison MB,Scarlett JM,Nguyen HT,Thaler JP,Olson DP,Myers MG Jr,Schwartz MW,Morton GJ

更新日期：2016-04-05 00:00:00

abstract：:Heparin preparations from pig intestinal mucosa and from bovine lung were separated by chromatography on antithrombin-Sepharose into a high-affinity fraction (with high anticoagulant activity) and a low-affinity fraction (with low anticoagulant). Antithrombin-binding heparin fragments (12-16 monosaccharide units) were...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Lindahl U,Bäckström G,Höök M,Thunberg L,Fransson LA,Linker A

更新日期：1979-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:It is widely accepted that the heavily glycosylated glycoprotein gp120 on the surface of HIV-1 shields peptide epitopes from recognition by the immune system and may promote infection in vivo by interaction with dendritic cells and transport to tissue rich in CD4(+) T cells such as lymph nodes. A conserved cluster of ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Wang SK,Liang PH,Astronomo RD,Hsu TL,Hsieh SL,Burton DR,Wong CH

更新日期：2008-03-11 00:00:00

abstract：:Light activates rod outer segment (ROS) phosphodiesterase (PDEase), as shown by previous biochemical and physiological studies. We have further investigated the role of PDEase in this system by injecting trypsin-activated PDEase, purified from bovine ROS, into single ROS of the isolated retina of the toad Bufo marinus...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Shimoda Y,Hurley JB,Miller WH

更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cell signaling systems sense and respond to ligands that bind cell surface receptors. These systems often respond to changes in the concentration of extracellular ligand more rapidly than the ligand equilibrates with its receptor. We demonstrate, by modeling and experiment, a general "systems level" mechanism cells us...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Ventura AC,Bush A,Vasen G,Goldín MA,Burkinshaw B,Bhattacharjee N,Folch A,Brent R,Chernomoretz A,Colman-Lerner A

更新日期：2014-09-16 00:00:00

abstract：:Artificially aminoacylated suppressor tRNAs were used to introduce photoreactive amino acids into model mitochondrial precursor proteins to probe the environment along the protein import pathway. Amino acids with benzophenone side chains of various lengths [DL-2-amino-3-(p-benzoylphenyl)propanoic acid (1) and DL-2-ami...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Kanamori T,Nishikawa S,Shin I,Schultz PG,Endo T

更新日期：1997-01-21 00:00:00

abstract：:The bacterial adaptive immune system CRISPR-Cas9 has been appropriated as a versatile tool for editing genomes, controlling gene expression, and visualizing genetic loci. To analyze Cas9's ability to bind DNA rapidly and specifically, we generated multiple libraries of potential binding partners for measuring the kine...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Boyle EA,Andreasson JOL,Chircus LM,Sternberg SH,Wu MJ,Guegler CK,Doudna JA,Greenleaf WJ

更新日期：2017-05-23 00:00:00

abstract：:Evolutionary theory reveals that punishment is effective in promoting cooperation and maintaining social norms. Although it is accepted that emotions are connected to punishment decisions, there remains substantial debate over why humans use costly punishment. Here we show experimentally that constraints on emotion ex...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Xiao E,Houser D

更新日期：2005-05-17 00:00:00

abstract：:Stable structures of icosahedral symmetry can serve numerous functional roles, including chemical microencapsulation and delivery of drugs and biomolecules, epitope presentation to allow for an efficient immunization process, synthesis of nanoparticles of uniform size, observation of encapsulated reactive intermediate...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Olson AJ,Hu YH,Keinan E

更新日期：2007-12-26 00:00:00

abstract：:The human aspects of conservation are often overlooked but will be critical for identifying strategies for biological conservation in the face of climate change. We surveyed the behavioral intentions of coastal landowners with respect to various conservation strategies aimed at facilitating ecosystem migration for tid...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Field CR,Dayer AA,Elphick CS

更新日期：2017-08-22 00:00:00

abstract：:Human speech comprehension is remarkable for its immediacy and rapidity. The listener interprets an incrementally delivered auditory input, millisecond by millisecond as it is heard, in terms of complex multilevel representations of relevant linguistic and nonlinguistic knowledge. Central to this process are the neura...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Lyu B,Choi HS,Marslen-Wilson WD,Clarke A,Randall B,Tyler LK

更新日期：2019-10-15 00:00:00