Abstract:
:Amphetamine-type substances (ATS), like other synthetically derived compounds, can be produced by a multitude of synthetic pathways using a variety of precursors and reagents, resulting in a large number of possible contaminants (by-products, intermediates and impurities). This review article describes the common contaminants found in preparations of methylamphetamine (MA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA), amphetamine (AP), N,N-dimethylamphetamine (DMA) and p-methoxyamphetamine (PMA) synthesised via common synthetic pathways including reductive amination, Leuckart method, Nagai method, Emde method, Birch reduction, "Moscow" method, Wacker process, "Nitrostyrene" method and the Peracid oxidation method. Contaminants can facilitate identification of the synthetic route, origin of precursors and may suggest information as to the location of manufacture of these illicit drugs. Contaminant profiling can provide vital intelligence for investigations in which linking seizures or identifying the synthetic pathway is essential. This review article presents an accessible resource; a compilation of contaminants resulting from a variety of manufacturing methods used to synthesise the most common ATS. It is important for research in this field to continue as valuable information can be extracted from illicit drug samples, increasing discrimination amongst ATS, and in turn, leading to an increase in evidential value and forensic drug intelligence from forensic drug samples.
journal_name
Forensic Sci Intjournal_title
Forensic science internationalauthors
Stojanovska N,Fu S,Tahtouh M,Kelly T,Beavis A,Kirkbride KPdoi
10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.10.040subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2013-01-10 00:00:00pages
8-26issue
1-3eissn
0379-0738issn
1872-6283pii
S0379-0738(12)00494-Xjournal_volume
224pub_type
杂志文章abstract::In an investigation of postmortem ethanol diffusion deuterium-labeled ethanol-d6 was instilled by peroral gavage immediately after death by CO into the stomach of rat carcasses which were subsequently kept for 12-72 h at 5 or 30 degrees C. The heart blood, abdominal fluid and several tissues were collected and analyze...
journal_title:Forensic science international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0379-0738(95)01820-4
更新日期:1995-12-29 00:00:00
abstract::Little is currently known about the importance of clotting during the drying of blood pools. While this is of little moment for droplets where drying occurs faster than contact-phase-induced clotting, clotting may significantly influence blood pools drying as it transform a liquid into a gel. To investigate this influ...
journal_title:Forensic science international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.110008
更新日期:2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hypoglycemia was long considered to kill neurons by depriving them of glucose. We now know that hypoglycemia kills neurons actively from without, rather than by starvation from within. Hypoglycemia only causes neuronal death when the EEG becomes flat. This usually occurs after glucose levels have fallen below 1 mM (18...
journal_title:Forensic science international
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.08.001
更新日期:2004-12-16 00:00:00
abstract::Craniofacial reconstruction (CFR) is used to recreate a likeness of original facial appearance for an unidentified skull; this technique has been applied in both forensics and archeology. Many CFR techniques rely on the average facial soft tissue thickness (FSTT) of anatomical landmarks, related to ethnicity, age, sex...
journal_title:Forensic science international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.07.017
更新日期:2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article describes the first use of an anti-Stokes material, or up-converter, for the development of latent fingermarks on a range of non-porous surfaces. Anti-Stokes materials can absorb long-wavelength light and emit light at a shorter wavelength. This property is unusual in both natural and artificial materials...
journal_title:Forensic science international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.09.020
更新日期:2011-04-15 00:00:00
abstract::General synthetic routes to 4-methyl-5-arylpyrimidines and 5-arylpyrimidines are described. 4-Benzylpyrimidine, 4-methyl-5-phenylpyrimidine, 4-(4-methoxybenzyl)pyrimidine, and 4-methyl-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyrimidine have been positively identified as route-specific by-products in the Leuckardt preparations of amphetami...
journal_title:Forensic science international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0379-0738(00)00311-x
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Obtaining a genetic profile from pieces of evidence collected at a crime scene is the primary objective of forensic laboratories. New procedures, methods, kits, software or equipment must be carefully evaluated and validated before its implementation. The constant development of new methodologies for DNA testing leads...
journal_title:Forensic science international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.11.037
更新日期:2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The objective of this study was to determine whether breath alcohol elimination rate varies as a function of age, gender, and drinking practice, factorially combined. Eighty-four men and 84 women drank enough alcohol to produce peak BrACs of .110 g/210 L for heavy and moderate drinkers and BrACs of .090 g/210 L for li...
journal_title:Forensic science international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.09.017
更新日期:2013-12-10 00:00:00
abstract::Bacterial genotyping can be used for crime scene investigations and contribute to the attribution of biological attacks for microbial forensics. PyroMark ID Pyrosequencer as an accurate detection platform for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has been applied to identify and resolve microorganisms involved in clo...
journal_title:Forensic science international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.11.004
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cocaine abuse is widespread all over the world, and is performed generally by sniffing, injecting or smoking cocaine or crack. The distinction between the recreational use of cocaine from the practice of the so called "coqueo" is still an issue in those countries where this habit is diffused and where it is not consid...
journal_title:Forensic science international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.09.005
更新日期:2013-04-10 00:00:00
abstract::In analogy to our previously published procedure for the differentiation of regioisomeric fluoroamphetamines a method was developed, to differentiate ring positional isomeric fluorocathinones by product ion spectrometry of ions generated by chemical ionization (CI) under GC-MS conditions using methane as reagent gas. ...
journal_title:Forensic science international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.08.011
更新日期:2012-11-30 00:00:00
abstract::Most of the automotive companies use cast iron for their engine blocks. Restoration of obliterated number on these iron surfaces by chemical etching is known to be quite difficult. Heating of the obliterated surface using oxyacetylene flame is an alternative recovery treatment suggested in literature and used in pract...
journal_title:Forensic science international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.07.020
更新日期:2012-11-30 00:00:00
abstract::A very serious case of DFSA (drug facilitated sexual assault) is presented, in which a six-year-old girl died following sedation with γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB). She had been sexually abused by a relative. Samples of cardiac blood, bile, vitreous humour, liver, kidney, brain tissues and hair were analysed by a LC-MS/...
journal_title:Forensic science international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.12.044
更新日期:2016-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Determining the sequencing of intersecting ink lines is one of the current problems for forensic document examiners. The way two inks will distribute and interact with each other and the paper at the crossing is a dynamic process that can be affected by many variables. Thus, the main purpose of this manuscript is to v...
journal_title:Forensic science international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.10.026
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Of the 110 species of genus Papaver, only Papaver somniferum and P. setigerum are controlled poppies in Korea. All poppy samples share similar morphology therefore it is important to check if they contain controlled substances such as morphine and codeine for forensic purpose. Since the alkaloid content of Papaver pla...
journal_title:Forensic science international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.08.002
更新日期:2012-10-10 00:00:00
abstract::The forensic anthropologist is responsible for contributing to the identification of an unknown by constructing a biological profile from their skeletal remains. Towards achieving this goal, anthropologists can apply population and temporally specific standards with known error margins to morphometric data collected f...
journal_title:Forensic science international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.08.019
更新日期:2014-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Bloodstains often constitute the major physical evidence in crime investigation. Diluted blood invisible to the naked eye can be detected through presumptive tests however such tests can damage samples and prevent further processing such as DNA analysis. In this study, we compared the effects of luminol (prepared acco...
journal_title:Forensic science international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.06.017
更新日期:2011-03-20 00:00:00
abstract::In the last two years, an epidemic of fatal narcotic overdose cases has occurred in the Tampa area of Florida. Fourteen of these deaths involved fentanyl and/or the new designer drug, acetyl fentanyl. Victim demographics, case histories, toxicology findings and causes and manners of death, as well as, disposition of f...
journal_title:Forensic science international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.10.021
更新日期:2015-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::To assess the species composition of necrophagous blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in the area around the federal city of Switzerland, Bern, sampling with baited bottle traps was performed over the course of 34 weeks in 2014. Six locations ranging from urban to forest habitats were sampled weekly or rather biweekly...
journal_title:Forensic science international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.05.022
更新日期:2018-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::A case of ruptured septic myocardial infarct with death from cardiac tamponade in an intravenous drug addict with left-sided infective endocarditis and septic coronary artery embolism is described. To the best of our knowledge, there is no previous report of such a case in the literature. Although uncommon, infective ...
journal_title:Forensic science international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0379-0738(95)01779-i
更新日期:1995-08-28 00:00:00
abstract::Missing, ineligible or delayed reference data to establish conventional dental or DNA identification are common scenarios in forensic practice. Therefore, it is worthwhile to explore new avenues that facilitate human identification. Due to the recent remarkable evolution in the prosthetic dental restorations based on ...
journal_title:Forensic science international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.109926
更新日期:2019-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::An ingestion of an unknown quantity of U 46 D-Fluid (500 g dichlorophenoxyacetic acid/l) in a suicide is described. Although 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4 D) is widely used as a herbicide, intoxications are relatively rare. Quantitation of 2,4-D was performed by diethyl ether extraction from acidified samples (v...
journal_title:Forensic science international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0379-0738(94)90295-x
更新日期:1994-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::1,4-Dihydropyridines calcium channel antagonists (1,4-DHP CCAs) are photolabile and the products of their photodecomposition have no pharmaceutical activity. In our previous work we have presented a screening procedure for eleven 1,4-DHPs in plasma by LC-MS-MS using multiple reaction motoring. The laboratory process i...
journal_title:Forensic science international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.11.014
更新日期:2006-01-06 00:00:00
abstract::Experiments in the month of September 2005 were performed to study nocturnal larviposition by the flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Two species namely Sarcophaga albiceps Meigen and Sarcophaga hirtipes Wiedemann were observed to deposit their larvae during night time as well. Therefore, possibility of night larvip...
journal_title:Forensic science international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.08.007
更新日期:2008-05-02 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of this study was to characterize the concentrations of total and specific IgE as well as mast cell-derived tryptase in postmortem serum from femoral blood and evaluate the usefulness of their determination for diagnostic purposes in cases of fatal asthma attacks. 36 autopsy cases were retrospectively selected...
journal_title:Forensic science international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.11.001
更新日期:2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The authors have proposed a quantitative method for assessing weight of evidence in the case where a fingermark from a crime scene is compared with a set of control prints from the ten fingers of a suspect. The approach is based on the notion of calculating a Likelihood Ratio (LR) that addresses a pair of propositions...
journal_title:Forensic science international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.08.008
更新日期:2012-01-10 00:00:00
abstract::To determine how long pathological findings persist after burial and which factors play a role in decomposition of a corpse, we evaluated all bodies exhumed under the auspices of the Institute of Legal Medicine at the Hannover Medical School between 1978 and 1997. A total of 87 exhumations (54 men, 33 women) were perf...
journal_title:Forensic science international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.11.018
更新日期:2005-11-25 00:00:00
abstract::The effects of heating on hemoglobin (Hb) and carbon monoxide (CO) levels in human blood were investigated by in vitro experiments. Head-space gas chromatography (HS-GC) using a molecular sieve 5A stationary phase and thermal conductivity detection was adopted for the measurement of CO gas, and spectrophotometric meth...
journal_title:Forensic science international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0379-0738(01)00465-0
更新日期:2001-09-15 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:Age estimation in adults is an important issue in forensic science. This study aimed to estimate the chronological age of Iranians by means of pulp/tooth area ratio (AR) of canines in digital panoramic radiographs. MATERIALS AND METHODS:The sample consisted of panoramic radiographs of 271 male and female sub...
journal_title:Forensic science international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.01.016
更新日期:2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Torture appears to be a permanent feature in countries, which have experienced military coups or ruled by oppressive governments in the past, such as Turkey. The Human Rights Foundation of Turkey (HRFT) was established in 1990 to serve torture victims, mainly those who were the victims of the 1980 military regime. Sin...
journal_title:Forensic science international
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.12.019
更新日期:2013-03-10 00:00:00