Abstract:
:The current estimations of risk associated with medical imaging procedures rely on assessing the organ dose via direct measurements or simulation. The dose to each organ is assumed to be homogeneous. To take into account the differences in radiation sensitivities, the mean organ doses are weighted by a corresponding tissue-weighting coefficients provided by ICRP to calculate the effective dose, which has been used as a surrogate of radiation risk. However, those coefficients were derived under the assumption of a homogeneous dose distribution within each organ. That assumption is significantly violated in most medical-imaging procedures. In helical chest CT, for example, superficial organs (e.g. breasts) demonstrate a heterogeneous dose distribution, whereas organs on the peripheries of the irradiation field (e.g. liver) might possess a discontinuous dose profile. Projection radiography and mammography involve an even higher level of organ dose heterogeneity spanning up to two orders of magnitude. As such, mean dose or point measured dose values do not reflect the maximum energy deposited per unit volume of the organ. In this paper, the magnitude of the dose heterogeneity in both CT and projection X-ray imaging was reported, using Monte Carlo methods. The lung dose demonstrated factors of 1.7 and 2.2 difference between the mean and maximum dose for chest CT and radiography, respectively. The corresponding values for the liver were 1.9 and 3.5. For mammography and breast tomosynthesis, the difference between mean glandular dose and maximum glandular dose was 3.1. Risk models based on the mean dose were found to provide a reasonable reflection of cancer risk. However, for leukaemia, they were found to significantly under-represent the risk when the organ dose distribution is heterogeneous. A systematic study is needed to develop a risk model for heterogeneous dose distributions.
journal_name
Radiat Prot Dosimetryjournal_title
Radiation protection dosimetryauthors
Samei E,Li X,Chen B,Reiman Rdoi
10.1093/rpd/ncs275subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2013-06-01 00:00:00pages
42-58issue
1eissn
0144-8420issn
1742-3406pii
ncs275journal_volume
155pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Radiation protection in medicine is becoming more and more important with increasing wider use of X-rays, documentation of effects besides the potential for long-term carcinogenic effects. With computed tomography (CT) likely to become sub-mSv in coming years, positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission...
journal_title:Radiation protection dosimetry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/rpd/ncv071
更新日期:2015-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::In 2015, the Asian Radiation Dosimetry Group established a regional network of biological dosimetry laboratories known as the ARADOS-WG03 (Working Group 03; Biological Dosimetry). A survey was conducted in 2017 to evaluate the capabilities and capacities of the participating laboratories for emergency preparedness and...
journal_title:Radiation protection dosimetry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/rpd/ncy279
更新日期:2019-12-31 00:00:00
abstract::With the widespread introduction of extra high voltage power transmission lines in the 1960s, and subsequent to early reports from Soviet Union scientists about health risks for transformer station personnel, public concern regarding the effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on biological function has given rise to...
journal_title:Radiation protection dosimetry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a006373
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In response to questions raised after the Gulf War about the health significance of exposure to depleted uranium (DU), the US Department of Defense initiated a study designed to provide an improved scientific basis for assessment of possible health effects on soldiers in vehicles struck by these munitions. As part of ...
journal_title:Radiation protection dosimetry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a006215
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The W values of protons in liquid water were calculated for energies from 0.1 keV to 10 MeV using the continuous slowing down approximation as well as three models for the calculation of the differential ionisation cross-sections of water for protons published in recent years. The W values determined by means of the t...
journal_title:Radiation protection dosimetry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/rpd/ncm019
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::On 27 occasions, radiation doses were measured for a family member designated as the 'caregiver' for a patient receiving high-dose radioiodine outpatient therapy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma. For 25 of the administrations, patients received 3.7 GBq of (131)I. Radiation doses for the designated caregivers were ...
journal_title:Radiation protection dosimetry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/rpd/ncl084
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ionising radiation can induce responses within non-exposed neighbouring (bystander) cells, which potentially have important implications on the estimates of risk at environmentally relevant doses. Using human skin fibroblasts (AG1522), a range of methods were used to investigate the nature of the signal(s) arising fro...
journal_title:Radiation protection dosimetry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/rpd/ncl430
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The NPL simulated reactor neutron field facility provides neutron spectra similar to those found in the environs of UK gas-cooled reactors. Neutrons are generated by irradiating a thick lithium-alloy target with monoenergetic protons between 2.5 and 3.5 MeV (depending on the desired spectrum), and then moderated by a ...
journal_title:Radiation protection dosimetry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/rpd/ncm018
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Absorbed dose and average linear energy transfer (LET) were assessed by means of (7)LiF:Mg,Ti (TLD-700) thermoluminescent (TL) detectors for different panels on-board the Russian Segment of the International Space Station in the timeframe between March and November 2002 (233 d). A technique is presented to correct the...
journal_title:Radiation protection dosimetry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/rpd/nci566
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A single-parameter geometry to describe soil is achieved for Monte Carlo calculation of absorbed dose rate in air for photon emitters from natural radionuclides. This optimised geometry based on physical assumptions consists of the soil part whose emitted radiation has a given minimum probability to reach the detector...
journal_title:Radiation protection dosimetry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/rpd/ncm426
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of biological dosimetry is to estimate the dose and the associated uncertainty to which an accident victim was exposed. This process requires the use of the maximum-likelihood method for fitting a calibration curve, a procedure that is not implemented in most statistical computer programs. Several laboratories...
journal_title:Radiation protection dosimetry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/rpd/ncm137
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The national diagnostic reference levels (NDRLs) form an efficient, concise and powerful standard for optimising radiation protection of a patient. However, in a large hospital, where many radiological departments are present, it is also possible to calculate and define lower dose values as local diagnostic reference ...
journal_title:Radiation protection dosimetry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/rpd/nch432
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Earlier measurements have revealed that active electronic dosemeters have deficiencies in pulsed fields of ionising radiation due to the counting technique used. The DIS-1 dosemeter uses a promising technology, which should be basically suitable for measurements in pulsed fields. In this paper, first measurements with...
journal_title:Radiation protection dosimetry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/rpd/ncs265
更新日期:2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neutron therapy beams are obtained by accelerating protons or deuterons on Beryllium. These neutron therapy beams present comparable dosimetric characteristics as those for photon beams obtained with linear accelerators; for instance, the penetration of a p(65)+Be neutron beam is comparable with the penetration of an ...
journal_title:Radiation protection dosimetry
pub_type: 指南,杂志文章,实务指引,评审
doi:10.1093/rpd/nch221
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::An oil and gas production facility in the western desert of Egypt was investigated for possible radiation risks due to the routine operation. Radium-226, Radium-228 and Potassium-40 were assessed in the soil samples collected from the adjacent soakaway pond. The average 226Ra, 228Ra and 40K activity concentrations wer...
journal_title:Radiation protection dosimetry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/rpd/ncaa084
更新日期:2020-08-28 00:00:00
abstract::The study is aimed at optimising the glow curve structure of CaSO4:Dy phosphor for dosimetric purpose and also to understand the observed changes owing to thermal treatment in the thermoluminescence (TL) sensitivity and glow curve structure. The reversible changes in the intensities of the lower temperature satellite ...
journal_title:Radiation protection dosimetry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/rpd/nci561
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The HTR method, developed for determination of absorbed dose and average LET of mixed radiation fields in space, was applied during several space missions on space station MIR, space shuttles and satellites. The method utilises the changes of peak height ratios in the glow curves in dependence on the linear energy tra...
journal_title:Radiation protection dosimetry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a032854
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Organ doses and effective dose were calculated with the latest version of the Monte Carlo transport code FLUKA in the case of an anthropomorphic mathematical model exposed to monoenergetic narrow beams of protons, pions and electrons in the energy range 10-400 GeV. The target organs considered were right eye, thyroid,...
journal_title:Radiation protection dosimetry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a006556
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Work is presented on the development of a retrospective/fortuitous accident dosimetry service using optically stimulated luminescence of resistors found in mobile phones to determine the doses of radiation to members of the public following a radiological accident or terrorist incident. The system is described and dis...
journal_title:Radiation protection dosimetry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/rpd/ncu370
更新日期:2015-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::In order to provide reference fields for the ionising radiation, PTB operates the ion accelerator facility. Referring to high energy photons, reference fields according to International Organization for Standardization 4037 series are produced. The neutron component of the 6-7 MeV photon field (R-F), which is produced...
journal_title:Radiation protection dosimetry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/rpd/ncp101
更新日期:2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Continuous observation of radioactivity ratio of (214)Bi to (214)Pb as tracers in rainwater was carried out with 15-min cyclic measurement at Nagoya, Japan, from August 2011 to July 2012 to characterise wet deposition. The ratio ranged from 0.55 to 3.82. Based on the observation and a simplified time evolution model o...
journal_title:Radiation protection dosimetry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/rpd/ncv220
更新日期:2015-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this work, we analyse the dose to 5034 patients (20 137 images) who underwent mammographic examinations with a full-field digital mammography (FFDM) system over a 2-y period. The information relevant to this study has been extracted from the image Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) headers. Entr...
journal_title:Radiation protection dosimetry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/rpd/nch514
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A multipurpose anthropomorphic neck phantom was designed and fabricated for use in medical applications. The designed neck phantom is composed of seven elliptic cylindrical slices with a semi-major axis of 14 cm and a semi-minor axis of 12.5 cm, each having the thickness of 2 cm. The thyroid gland, bony part of the ne...
journal_title:Radiation protection dosimetry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/rpd/ncv359
更新日期:2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Microbeam facilities provide a unique opportunity to investigate the effects of ionising radiation on living biological cells with a precise control of the delivered dose. This paper describes dosimetry calculations performed at the single-cell level in the microbeam irradiation facility available at the Centre d'Etud...
journal_title:Radiation protection dosimetry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/rpd/ncp003
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper presents the results of radon concentration measurements in drinking water from the municipal water supply system and private wells located in Baoji, China. The measurements were carried out on 69 samples. The mean values of tap water and well water were found to be 12 kBq m(-3) with a maximum of 18 kBq m(-...
journal_title:Radiation protection dosimetry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/rpd/ncl048
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The microdosimetric one hit detector model was applied to calculate the dose response, energy response and relative thermoluminescence (TL) efficiency, eta, of high sensitive LiF:Mg,Cu,P and Al(2)O(3):C detectors after their irradiations by X rays, gamma rays, beta electrons and heavy charged particles (HCP). Microdos...
journal_title:Radiation protection dosimetry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/rpd/ncl467
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In order to determine the exposure to natural sources of radiation for people in the vicinity of remediated Hungarian uranium mine regional surveys were carried out. The surveys evaluated indoor radon concentrations and outdoor and indoor external gamma dose rates. Radon concentration has been measured with nuclear et...
journal_title:Radiation protection dosimetry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/rpd/nci363
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The performance of radiation dosemeters that are issued by approved individual monitoring services generally meet international standards, with typical results within a few tens of per cent of the reference value. Experienced dosimetry practitioners will understand the uncertainties and treat monitoring results with d...
journal_title:Radiation protection dosimetry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/rpd/ncq298
更新日期:2011-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::In recent years, international organisations involved in radiation protection and public health have produced new guidance, recommendations and requirements aiming better protection from radon exposure. These organisations have often worked in close collaboration in order to facilitate the establishment of harmonised ...
journal_title:Radiation protection dosimetry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/rpd/ncu101
更新日期:2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::In order to understand the potential health effect of radiation from Fukushima nuclear disaster, a group of people living in Japan during and after the accident were investigated 1 y after the accident. The venous blood samples were extracted in tune from 156 tested persons living in Tokyo and Niigata with average age...
journal_title:Radiation protection dosimetry
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/rpd/ncu180
更新日期:2014-06-01 00:00:00