Abstract:
BACKGROUND:This article analyses the epidemiological research developments in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). It integrates the series commissioned by the International Epidemiological Association to all WHO Regions to identify global opportunities to promote the development of epidemiology. METHODS:Health situations of the regions were analysed based on published data on selected mortality, morbidity and risk factors. Epidemiological publication output by country was estimated by Medline bibliometrics. Internet and literature searches and data provided by key informants were used to describe perspectives on epidemiological training, research and funding. FINDINGS:Despite important advances in recent decades, LAC remains the world's most unequal region. In 2010, 10% of the LAC's people still lived in conditions of multidimensional poverty, with huge variation among countries. The region has experienced fast and complex epidemiological changes in past decades, combining increasing rates of non-communicable diseases and injuries, and keeping uncontrolled many existing endemic and emerging diseases. Overall, epidemiological publications per year increased from 160 articles between 1961 and 1970 to 2492 between 2001 and 2010. The increase in papers per million inhabitants in the past three decades varied from 57% in Panama to 1339% in Paraguay. Universities are the main epidemiological training providers. There are at least 34 universities and other institutions in the region that offer postgraduate programmes at the master's and doctoral levels in epidemiology or public health. Most LAC countries rely largely on external funding and donors to initiate and sustain long-term research efforts. Despite the limited resources, the critical mass of LAC researchers has produced significant scientific contributions. FUTURE NEEDS: The health research panorama of the region shows enormous regional discrepancies, but great prospects. Improving research and human resources capacity in the region will require establishing research partnerships within and outside the region, between rich and poor countries, promoting collaborations between LAC research institutions and universities to boost postgraduate programmes and aligning research investments and outputs with the current burden of disease.
journal_name
Int J Epidemioljournal_title
International journal of epidemiologyauthors
Barreto SM,Miranda JJ,Figueroa JP,Schmidt MI,Munoz S,Kuri-Morales PP,Silva JB Jrdoi
10.1093/ije/dys017subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2012-04-01 00:00:00pages
557-71issue
2eissn
0300-5771issn
1464-3685pii
dys017journal_volume
41pub_type
杂志文章abstract:BACKGROUND:Recent studies have found that cotinine is a better predictor of birthweight than the number of cigarettes smoked in pregnancy. In this paper we test this hypothesis and use cotinine to explore the effect of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) on birthweight. METHODS:In all, 1254 white women were interviewed ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/27.4.647
更新日期:1998-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:So far, no randomized controlled trials with a mean mammographic screening interval of > or = 2 years has demonstrated statistically significant mortality reduction for women younger than age 50. The issue of screening frequency is vital in detection of primary breast cancer. METHODS:The study group consist...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/29.5.803
更新日期:2000-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Birthweight distributions among second-born infants depend on the birthweights of older siblings, with implications for weight-specific perinatal mortality. We wanted to study whether these relations were explained by socioeconomic levels, and to study time trends in a situation with decreasing perinatal mor...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyg163
更新日期:2003-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Present understanding of increased risk of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related infectious mononucleosis among children of low birth order or small sibships is mainly based on old and indirect evidence. Societal changes and methodological limitations of previous studies call for new data. METHODS:We used data f...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyu118
更新日期:2014-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Telomere length and DNA methylation have been proposed as biological clock measures that track chronological age. Whether they change in tandem, or contribute independently to the prediction of chronological age, is not known. METHODS:We address these points using data from two Scottish cohorts: the Lothian...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyw041
更新日期:2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:Background:Children with a diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD) have lower cognitive ability and are at risk of adverse educational outcomes; ADHD genetic risks have been found to predict childhood cognitive ability and other neurodevelopmental traits in the general population; thus genetic risks...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyw216
更新日期:2017-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::In a population-based cohort study in Southern Brazil, 87.3% of 5914 liveborn infants were followed for over 12 months. The 215 infant deaths occurring in this cohort were studied in relation to birthweight, gestational age and socioeconomic status. Causes of death were ascertained through the review of case notes and...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/16.2.239
更新日期:1987-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Consultation waiting rooms and similar medical settings, either public or private, are places where children have higher probability of acquiring some infectious diseases, especially during outbreaks. METHODS:During a measles outbreak which occurred in Lisbon in 1989 a case-control study was carried out in ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/23.4.843
更新日期:1994-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Studies suggest that increased levels of physical activity might decrease the risk of prostate cancer. We ascertained lifetime measures of activity in a population-based case-control study of prostate cancer in Shanghai, China to investigate physical activity in a population where the incidence of prostate c...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/30.2.341
更新日期:2001-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:This article examines whether the neighbourhood environment influences intermediate cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, such as obesity (body mass index [BMI]), and lifestyle factors, such as no physical activity and smoking, when adjusted for the individual socioeconomic status (SES). METHODS:The st...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/28.5.841
更新日期:1999-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::It is usually necessary to estimate repeatability of a self-administered questionnaire from responses by subjects on just two occasions. It is shown that it is not possible to estimate false positive and false negative classification rates separately, but that an average correct classification can be calculated. This ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/16.1.121
更新日期:1987-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Retrospective and prospective demographic and health data collected on the population of Mlomp (6352 people in 1985), a rural area of Senegal, show that the probability of dying before the age of 5 years declined from 350 to 81 deaths per hundred livebirths in the last 25 years. This decline is greater and faster than...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/22.1.72
更新日期:1993-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:In Western countries mortality dropped throughout the 20th century, but over and above the long-term falling trend, the death rate has oscillated over time. It has been postulated that these short-term oscillations may be related to changes in the economy. METHODS:To ascertain if these short-term oscillatio...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyi141
更新日期:2005-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Small body size at birth, as a marker of an adverse intrauterine environment, has recently emerged as an important risk factor for death from cardiovascular disease. Our aim was to study the relationship between small size at birth and all-cause and non-cardiovascular mortality, which has been poorly documen...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyi048
更新日期:2005-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To study the associations of lifestyle factors with waist circumference 'Action Levels', hip circumference and body mass index. DESIGN:Cross-sectional study in a random sample of 5887 men and 7018 women aged 20-59 years, selected from the civil registries of Amsterdam, Maastricht and Doetinchem, The Netherla...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/27.3.422
更新日期:1998-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:During the past decades a widening of the relative gap in death rates between upper and lower socioeconomic groups has been reported for several European countries. Although differential mortality decline for cardiovascular diseases has been suggested as an important contributory factor, it is not known what...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1093/ije/dyg209
更新日期:2003-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Predictions concerning people and their health are influenced by many factors and have many sources of uncertainty. Even so predictions can give useful guidelines for health care planning. We present a Bayesian model based on past observations and prior knowledge to predict coronary heart disease (CHD) morta...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyl128
更新日期:2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Previous studies on the association between childhood infections and childhood leukaemia have produced inconsistent results, likely due to the recall error/bias of infection data reported by the parents. The current study used a population-based and record-based case-control design to evaluate the associatio...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dys113
更新日期:2012-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Debates exist over whether health inequities are bound to rise as population health improves, due to health improving more quickly among the better off, with most analyses focused on mortality data. METHODS:We analysed 50 years of socioeconomic inequities in measured health status among US-born Black and Wh...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyu047
更新日期:2014-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Although individual studies have been inconsistent, meta-analyses of epidemiological data suggest that high folate and vitamin B12 levels may be associated with increased prostate cancer risk. METHODS:Within JANUS, a prospective cohort in Norway (n = 317 000) with baseline serum samples, we conducted a nest...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dys199
更新日期:2013-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Two hundred and ninety-nine of 428 patients diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in Kuwait during 1978 were matched with hospitalized controls by sex, nationality, and same year of age. Patients were almost six times as likely as controls to be smokers (odds ratio [OR] = 5.6; 95% confidence limits [CL] = 2...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/11.4.368
更新日期:1982-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The relationship between income and health is usually thought to be curvilinear, but previous studies have yielded inconsistent results. We therefore examined the shape of the relationship between household equivalent income and self-assessed health in seven European countries. METHODS:Data were obtained fr...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyh338
更新日期:2005-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Chronic diseases are a global problem, yet information on their determinants is generally scant in low- and middle-income countries. The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) aims to contribute relevant information regarding the development and progression of clinical and subclinical chronic disea...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyu027
更新日期:2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Major aetiologies of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases begin in childhood and atherosclerotic vascular abnormalities can be observed among children and adolescents. Adolescent cohort studies have important advantages because they can observe earlier changes in vascular structure and function. The purpose of the ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyv064
更新日期:2017-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Despite the extreme differences in the incidence of lung cancer between black and white Americans of each sex, little information is available on the sex-race-specific lung cancer risk due to tobacco use. In the current study, case-control data were examined for sex-race differences in the lung cancer risk associated ...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/22.4.592
更新日期:1993-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Lower maternal serum vitamin B12 (B12) and folate levels have been associated with lower offspring birthweight, in observational studies. The aim of this study was to investigate whether this relationship is causal. METHODS:We performed two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) using summary data on associati...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyaa256
更新日期:2020-12-21 00:00:00
abstract::The role of the major identified risk factors for breast cancer was assessed using data from a hospital-based case-control study conducted in Northern Italy on 1108 women with histologically confirmed breast cancer and 1281 control subjects with a spectrum of acute conditions unrelated to any of the established or pot...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/16.3.347
更新日期:1987-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The terminology describing missingness mechanisms is confusing. In particular the meaning of 'missing at random' is often misunderstood, leading researchers faced with missing data problems away from multiple imputation, a method with considerable advantages. The purpose of this article is to clarify how 'missing at r...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/ije/dyu080
更新日期:2014-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper illustrates the basis of, expectations for and evaluation of prevention from an epidemiological perspective. Specifically, the extent to which epidemiologists could and should be involved in designing and evaluating public health interventions is addressed. Changes in the view on disease causation and epide...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1093/ije/24.4.655
更新日期:1995-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Analyses were made of the relation between maternal alcohol consumption before and in early pregnancy and five infant outcome variables: birthweight, crown-heel length, occipitofrontal circumference and the Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes. The data were analysed for all centres combined and separately. From tabulation...
journal_title:International journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1093/ije/21.supplement_1.s45
更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00