Abstract：
:Low-resolution intensity spectra of Earth's atmosphere obtained from space reveal strong signatures of life ('biosignatures'), such as molecular oxygen and methane with abundances far from chemical equilibrium, as well as the presence of a 'red edge' (a sharp increase of albedo for wavelengths longer than 700 nm) caused by surface vegetation. Light passing through the atmosphere is strongly linearly polarized by scattering (from air molecules, aerosols and cloud particles) and by reflection (from oceans and land). Spectropolarimetric observations of local patches of Earth's sky light from the ground contain signatures of oxygen, ozone and water, and are used to characterize the properties of clouds and aerosols. When applied to exoplanets, ground-based spectropolarimetry can better constrain properties of atmospheres and surfaces than can standard intensity spectroscopy. Here we report disk-integrated linear polarization spectra of Earthshine, which is sunlight that has been first reflected by Earth and then reflected back to Earth by the Moon. The observations allow us to determine the fractional contribution of clouds and ocean surface, and are sensitive to visible areas of vegetation as small as 10 per cent. They represent a benchmark for the diagnostics of the atmospheric composition, mean cloud height and surfaces of exoplanets.
journal_name
Naturejournal_title
Natureauthors
Sterzik MF,Bagnulo S,Palle Edoi
10.1038/nature10778subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2012-02-29 00:00:00pages
64-6issue
7387eissn
0028-0836issn
1476-4687pii
nature10778journal_volume
483pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
NATURE文献大全abstract：:The spatial organization of the genome is intimately linked to its biological function, yet our understanding of higher order genomic structure is coarse, fragmented and incomplete. In the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, interphase chromosomes occupy distinct chromosome territories, and numerous models have been proposed...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature11082
更新日期：2012-04-11 00:00:00
abstract：:Water availability limits plant growth and production in almost all terrestrial ecosystems. However, biomes differ substantially in sensitivity of aboveground net primary production (ANPP) to between-year variation in precipitation. Average rain-use efficiency (RUE; ANPP/precipitation) also varies between biomes, supp...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature02561
更新日期：2004-06-10 00:00:00
abstract：:Nitrogen enrichment is widely thought to be responsible for the loss of plant species from temperate terrestrial ecosystems. This view is based on field surveys and controlled experiments showing that species richness correlates negatively with high productivity and nitrogen enrichment. However, as the type of nutrien...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature03950
更新日期：2005-09-22 00:00:00
abstract：:The yeast nuclear protein Yra1p is an essential export factor for mRNA. Yra1p interacts directly with the mRNA transport factor Mex67p/Mtr2p, which is associated with the nuclear pore. Here, we report a genetic interaction between YRA1 and SUB2, the gene for a DEAD box helicase involved in splicing. Mutation of SUB2 a...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/35098113
更新日期：2001-10-11 00:00:00
abstract：:Below water depths of about 300 metres, pressure and temperature conditions cause methane to form ice-like crystals of methane hydrate. Marine deposits of methane hydrate are estimated to be large, amassing about 10,000 gigatonnes of carbon, and are thought to be important to global change and seafloor stability, as w...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature01263
更新日期：2002-12-12 00:00:00
abstract：:MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous approximately 22-nucleotide RNAs that mediate important gene-regulatory events by pairing to the mRNAs of protein-coding genes to direct their repression. Repression of these regulatory targets leads to decreased translational efficiency and/or decreased mRNA levels, but the relative ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature09267
更新日期：2010-08-12 00:00:00
abstract：:Cyclosporin A, a cyclic undecapeptide, is a potent immunosuppressant that binds to a peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase of 165 amino acids, cyclophilin. The cyclosporin A/cyclophilin complex inhibits the calcium- and calmodulin-dependent phosphatase, calcineurin, resulting in a failure to activate genes encoding inte...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/361088a0
更新日期：1993-01-07 00:00:00
abstract：:Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have the ability to renew themselves and to give rise to all lineages of the blood; however, the signals that regulate HSC self-renewal remain unclear. Here we show that the Wnt signalling pathway has an important role in this process. Overexpression of activated beta-catenin expands t...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature01593
更新日期：2003-05-22 00:00:00
abstract：: ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 新闻
doi：10.1038/d41586-018-07706-1
更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Osteoarthritis-the most common form of age-related degenerative whole-joint disease1-is primarily characterized by cartilage destruction, as well as by synovial inflammation, osteophyte formation and subchondral bone remodelling2,3. However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis are...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41586-019-0920-1
更新日期：2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The TGFβ pathway has essential roles in embryonic development, organ homeostasis, tissue repair and disease. These diverse effects are mediated through the intracellular effectors SMAD2 and SMAD3 (hereafter SMAD2/3), whose canonical function is to control the activity of target genes by interacting with transcriptiona...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature25784
更新日期：2018-03-08 00:00:00
abstract：:Expansion of anthropogenic noise and night lighting across our planet1,2 is of increasing conservation concern3-6. Despite growing knowledge of physiological and behavioural responses to these stimuli from single-species and local-scale studies, whether these pollutants affect fitness is less clear, as is how and why ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41586-020-2903-7
更新日期：2020-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It has long been known that the 5' to 3' polarity of DNA synthesis results in both a leading and lagging strand at all replication forks. Until now, however, there has been no evidence that leading or lagging strands are spatially organized in any way within a cell. Here we show that chromosome segregation in Escheric...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature07282
更新日期：2008-10-30 00:00:00
abstract：:When present in single-stranded DNA, palindromic or quasi-palindromic sequences have the potential to form complex secondary structures, including hairpins, which may facilitate interstrand misalignment of direct repeats and be responsible for diverse types of replication-based mutations, including deletions, addition...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/352544a0
更新日期：1991-08-08 00:00:00
abstract：:With only a few exceptions that are well understood, conventional superconductivity does not coexist with long-range magnetic order (for example, ref. 1). Unconventional superconductivity, on the other hand, develops near a phase boundary separating magnetically ordered and magnetically disordered phases. A maximum in...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature04571
更新日期：2006-03-02 00:00:00
abstract：:A pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease is the deposition of amyloid fibrils in the brain. The principal component of amyloid fibrils is beta/A4 amyloid protein, which can be generated by the aberrant processing of a large membrane-bound glycoprotein, the beta/A4 amyloid protein precursor (APP)3. To test whethe...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/359064a0
更新日期：1992-09-03 00:00:00
abstract：:The recurrent patterns in the commonness and rarity of species in ecological communities--the relative species abundance--have puzzled ecologists for more than half a century. Here we show that the framework of the current neutral theory in ecology can easily be generalized to incorporate symmetric density dependence....
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature04030
更新日期：2005-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper. ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 已发布勘误
doi：10.1038/s41586-020-2789-4
更新日期：2020-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The age of dense interstellar cloud cores, where stars and planets form, is a crucial parameter in star formation and difficult to measure. Some models predict rapid collapse, whereas others predict timescales of more than one million years (ref. 3). One possible approach to determining the age is through chemical cha...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature13924
更新日期：2014-12-11 00:00:00
abstract：:Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) is a newly identified nucleotide which can release calcium from a variety of cells, suggesting it is a messenger for mobilizing internal Ca2+ stores. Its cyclic structure has now been confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Available results are consistent with it being a modulator of Ca(2+)-indu...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/370307a0
更新日期：1994-07-28 00:00:00
abstract：:Ubiquitin, a 76-residue protein, occurs in cells either free or covalently joined to a variety of protein species, from chromosomal histones to cytoplasmic proteins. Conjugation of ubiquitin to proteolytic substrates is essential for the selective degradation of intracellular proteins in higher eukaryotes. We show her...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/312663a0
更新日期：1984-12-13 00:00:00
abstract：:The promoters of eukaryotic genes are being increasingly defined through the identification of consensus DNA sequences, by mutational analysis, and by in vitro and in vivo studies of transcription. Whereas the TATA sequence (Goldberg-Hogness box) has been largely conserved among protein encoding genes (transcribed by ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/301167a0
更新日期：1983-01-13 00:00:00
abstract：:Ever since Stephen Paget's 1889 hypothesis, metastatic organotropism has remained one of cancer's greatest mysteries. Here we demonstrate that exosomes from mouse and human lung-, liver- and brain-tropic tumour cells fuse preferentially with resident cells at their predicted destination, namely lung fibroblasts and ep...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature15756
更新日期：2015-11-19 00:00:00
abstract：:The generation and selection of somatic antibody mutants are key elements of acquired immunity, essential for the affinity maturation of antibody responses dependent on T cells. The mutants are generated through a mechanism that introduces point mutations at high rate into rearranged variable (V) region genes in the c...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/354389a0
更新日期：1991-12-05 00:00:00
abstract：:Transition-metal perovskite oxides exhibit a wide range of extraordinary but imperfectly understood phenomena. The best known examples are high-temperature superconductivity in copper oxides, and colossal magnetoresistance in manganese oxides ('manganites'). All of these materials undergo a range of order-disorder tra...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/416518a
更新日期：2002-04-04 00:00:00
abstract：:There has been an increasing interest in the use of immobilized cells for the production of pharmaceuticals as well as for products such as high fructose syrup or ethanol. Some of these compounds are now produced on an industrial scale whereby the cells are used in a resting or growing state or in a nonviable form as ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/302543a0
更新日期：1983-04-07 00:00:00
abstract：:Cancer cells hijack and remodel existing metabolic pathways for their benefit. Argininosuccinate synthase (ASS1) is a urea cycle enzyme that is essential in the conversion of nitrogen from ammonia and aspartate to urea. A decrease in nitrogen flux through ASS1 in the liver causes the urea cycle disorder citrullinaemia...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature15529
更新日期：2015-11-19 00:00:00
abstract：:The recent discovery of a pterosaur egg with embryonic skeleton and soft tissues from the Yixian Formation confirmed that the flying pterosaurs were oviparous. Here we describe another pterosaur egg whose exquisite preservation indicates that the shell structure was soft and leathery. ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1038/432572a
更新日期：2004-12-02 00:00:00
abstract：:The spectral purity of an oscillator is central to many applications, such as detecting gravity waves, defining the second, ground-state cooling and quantum manipulation of nanomechanical objects, and quantum computation. Recent proposals suggest that laser oscillators which use very narrow optical transitions in atom...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature10920
更新日期：2012-04-04 00:00:00
abstract：:Mammalian telomeres repress DNA-damage activation at natural chromosome ends by recruiting specific inhibitors of the DNA-damage machinery that form a protective complex termed shelterin. Within this complex, TRF2 (also known as TERF2) has a crucial role in end protection through the suppression of ATM activation and ...
journal_title：Nature
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/nature11873
更新日期：2013-02-28 00:00:00
