Abstract:
:In medicine, racial differences are frequently presented as part of the best explanation of differences in the risk of diseases. The problem of using racial classification in biomedical research has become important because of its ethical consequences in society. However, the biological relevance of the concept of race cannot be established by any ethical argument and the epistemological role of racial categorisation requires clarification. In this paper, different issues related to the concept of race are considered. This paper analyses the semantic problem concerning the definition of race, considers the ontological problem of race, drawing attention to the biological evidence for genetic differences among human groups, and presents a promising epistemological approach to the problem of race. The purpose of the paper is to examine whether, or when, racial categories belong in biological explanations. It shows that the concept of race cannot be justified in biology because it does not lead to successful predictions, and that genetic discontinuities are sufficient to explain differences in diseases but not needed in the explanation. The biomedical field should search for genetic patterns related to diseases, and should not assume racial discontinuities among human groups and use racial clusters as proxies for undetected genetic patterns.
journal_name
J Med Ethicsjournal_title
Journal of medical ethicsauthors
Lorusso Ldoi
10.1136/jme.2011.043752subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2011-09-01 00:00:00pages
535-9issue
9eissn
0306-6800issn
1473-4257pii
jme.2011.043752journal_volume
37pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Doctors, for several reasons, should be concerned with exorcism is the view of Professor Trethowan, who in this paper, looks at the main features of exorcism as practised in the middle ages and now appearing in the modern world, as was seen in the recent Ossett case in Britain. He examines in some detail the nature of...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1976-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:There is little evidence of junior trainee perspectives in the design and implementation of medical ethics and law (MEL) curriculum in UK medical schools. AIM:To determine the ethical issues the foundation year 1 (FY1) doctors (first year after graduation) encountered during clinical practice and the skill...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1136/medethics-2011-100391
更新日期:2014-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::For a few decades, patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) have been treated with intracerebral transplantations of fetal mesencephalic tissue. The results of open trials have been variable. Double blind, placebo-controlled studies have recently been started in order to further investigate the efficacy of this new medi...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.27.3.151
更新日期:2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::In healthcare, a tension sometimes arises between the injunction to do as much good as possible with scarce resources and the injunction to rescue identifiable individuals in immediate peril, regardless of cost (the "Rule of Rescue"). This tension can generate serious ethical and political difficulties for public poli...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1136/jme.2007.021790
更新日期:2008-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Towers reviews Joan Robinson: One Woman's Story, an American documentary film about a terminal cancer patient that was first broadcast by the Public Broadcasting Service on 21 January 1980. The film was made at the instigation of Robinson, a writer and editor, and covers the last twenty-two months of her life from th...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.6.2.101
更新日期:1980-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this paper, I explore the ethics of subject selection in the context of biomedical research. I reject a key principle of what I shall refer to as the standard view According to this principle, investigators should select participants so as to minimise aggregate risk to participants and maximise aggregate benefits t...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/medethics-2015-103311
更新日期:2016-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:A statute enacted in 2005 modified the legislative framework of the rights of terminally ill persons in France. Ten years after the EURONIC study, which described the self-reported practices of neonatal caregivers towards ethical decision-making, a new study was conducted to assess the impact of the new law ...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.2010.038356
更新日期:2011-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1976-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Multiple self approaches purport that to have equal concern about all stages of one's life is not a requirement of rationality. This poses a challenge to the prudential lifespan account which Norman Daniels advocates in Just health: meeting health needs fairly. Daniels has criticised the multiple self approach in earl...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.2008.024380
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Medical tourism involves patients travelling internationally to receive medical services. This practice raises a range of ethical issues, including potential harms to the patient's home and destination country and risks to the patient's own health. Medical tourists often engage the services of a facilitator ...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1136/jme.2011.042374
更新日期:2011-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The issue of the allocation of resources in health care is here to stay. The goal of this study was to explore the views of physicians on several topics that have arisen in the debate on the allocation of scarce resources and to compare these with the views of policy makers. We asked physicians (oncologists, cardiolog...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.2003.003681
更新日期:2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Non-therapeutic circumcision violates boys' right to bodily integrity as well as to self-determination. There is neither any verifiable medical advantage connected with the intervention nor is it painless nor without significant risks. Possible negative consequences for the psychosexual development of circumcised boys...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/medethics-2012-101284
更新日期:2013-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a simple means of brain stimulation, possesses a trifecta of appealing features: it is relatively safe, relatively inexpensive and relatively effective. It is also relatively easy to obtain a device and the do-it-yourself (DIY) community has become galvanised by reports ...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/medethics-2013-101458
更新日期:2015-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The importance of respecting patients and participants in clinical research is widely recognised. However, what it means to respect persons beyond recognising them as autonomous is unclear, and little is known about what patients find to be respectful. OBJECTIVE:To understand patients' conceptions of respec...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.2008.027235
更新日期:2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper develops themes addressed in an article by Eric Wiland in the Journal of Medical Ethics 2000;26:466-8, where he aims to contribute to the debate concerning the moral status of abortion, and to emphasise the importance of analogies in moral argument. In the present paper I try to secure more firmly a novel u...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.28.4.244
更新日期:2002-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Discussing treatment risks has become increasingly important in medical communication. Still, despite regulations, physicians must decide how much and what kind of information to present. OBJECTIVE:To investigate patients' preference for information about a small risk of a complication of colonoscopy, and w...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.2008.025031
更新日期:2009-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:AIM:Facebook is an increasingly popular online social networking site. The purpose of this study was to describe the Facebook activity of residents and fellows and their opinions regarding the impact of Facebook on the doctor-patient relationship. METHODS:An anonymous questionnaire was emailed to 405 residents and fel...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.2010.036293
更新日期:2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:to assess physicians' and patients' views in Saudi Arabia (KSA) towards involving the patient versus the family in the process of diagnosis disclosure and decision-making, and to compare them with views from the USA and Japan. DESIGN:A self-completion questionnaire (used previously to study these issues in ...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.2006.019638
更新日期:2008-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Psychotropic and other drugs can alter brain mechanisms regulating the formation, storage, and retrieval of different types of memory. These include "off label" uses of existing drugs and new drugs designed specifically to target the neural bases of memory. This paper discusses the use of beta-adrenergic antagonists t...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1136/jme.2005.012575
更新日期:2006-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::A questionnaire relating to attitudes towards setting economic priorities within the health care system was sent to all 151 general practitioners in Northern Norway. Of these, 109 (72 per cent) responded. Ninety-six per cent of the respondents agreed or partly agreed that the setting of economic priorities within the ...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.21.3.158
更新日期:1995-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The author responds to Professor Kottow's criticisms, explaining numerous errors and misconceptions. ...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.25.4.344
更新日期:1999-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Unit 731, a biological warfare research organisation that operated under the authority of the Imperial Japanese Army in the 1930s and 1940s, conducted brutal experiments on thousands of unconsenting subjects. Because of the US interest in the data from these experiments, the perpetrators were not prosecuted and the at...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1136/medethics-2015-103177
更新日期:2017-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Each Local Research Ethics Committee (LREC) is expected to produce an annual report for its establishing authority. Reports from 145 LRECs were examined with regard to (a) whether the committees were working within the terms of the most recent guidelines from the Department of Health and (b) observations on the role o...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.21.4.214
更新日期:1995-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Despite the expansion of ethics consultation services, questions remain about the aims of clinical ethics consultation, its methods and the expertise of those who provide such services. OBJECTIVE:To describe physicians' expectations regarding the training and skills necessary for ethics consultants to contr...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.2006.016287
更新日期:2007-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this response article, we challenge a core assumption that lies at the centre of a round table discussion regarding the Pharmacogenetics to Avoid Loss of Hearing trial. The round table regards a genetic test for a variant (mt.1555A>G) that increases the risk of deafness if a carrier is given the antibiotic gentamic...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/medethics-2020-106807
更新日期:2021-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To examine the current ethical review process (ERP) of ethics committees in a non-pharmacological trial from the perspective of a clinical investigator. DESIGN:Prospective collection of data at the Study Centre of the German Surgical Society on the duration, costs and administrative effort of the ERP of a ra...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.2005.014605
更新日期:2007-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Teaching medical ethics to medical students in a pluralistic society is a challenging task. Teachers of ethics have obligations not just to teach the subject matter but to help create an academic environment in which well motivated students have reinforcement of their inherent good qualities. Emphasis should be placed...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.20.4.239
更新日期:1994-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper summarises the features of my paper, 'Voluntary Active Euthanasia', and a later jointly authored paper, 'Moral Fictions', which I believe are examples of good medical ethics. ...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/medethics-2014-102293
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Much has been written by many distinguished persons about the philosophical, religious and ethical considerations of doctors and their involvement with torture. What follows will not have the erudition or authority of the likes of St Augustine, Mahatma Gandi, Schopenhauer or Thomas Paine. It represents the views of a ...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/jme.6.3.120
更新日期:1980-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article describes the findings of a mixed method literature review that examined the perceptions of elderly patients and residents of a good nurse in nursing homes, hospitals and home care. According to elderly patients and residents, good nurses are individuals who have the necessary technical and psychosocial s...
journal_title:Journal of medical ethics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1136/medethics-2011-100046
更新日期:2012-02-01 00:00:00