Abstract:
:Adjuvants are essential components of most clinically used vaccines. This is because the majority of nonliving vaccines are relatively poor inducers of adaptive immunity unless effective adjuvants are co-administered. Aluminum salts (alum) have been used as adjuvants with great success for almost a century and have been particularly effective at promoting protective humoral immunity. However, alum is not optimally effective for diseases where cell-mediated immunity is required for protection. Furthermore, adjuvants including oil-in-water emulsions have shown improved efficacy for avian influenza protection suggesting that even for diseases where humoral immunity can confer protection, there is scope for developing improved adjuvants. There have been major developments in antigen discovery over the past decade, which has accelerated the vaccine development process for new indications and this demands a new generation of adjuvants that can drive and specifically direct the desired immune responses. A number of systems are under investigation that combine different types of adjuvants into specific formulations with greater activity. Additionally, targeting of vaccines to specific immune cells shows great promise. In the case of cancer and chronic infectious diseases, it may be difficult to develop effective vaccines without blocking immune regulatory pathways, which impede cell-mediated responses. However, increased understanding of immunology and particularly the innate immune system is informing vaccine adjuvant research and consequently driving the development of novel and specifically directed vaccine adjuvant strategies. In this article we address the importance of adjuvants in vaccine development, the known mode of action of specific adjuvants and recent developments in this important field.
journal_name
Expert Rev Vaccinesjournal_title
Expert review of vaccinesauthors
Schijns VE,Lavelle ECdoi
10.1586/erv.11.21subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2011-04-01 00:00:00pages
539-50issue
4eissn
1476-0584issn
1744-8395journal_volume
10pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract:BACKGROUND:Hepatitis A and B are two of the most common vaccine-preventable diseases and vaccination for Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) is recommended for those at risk of contracting HAV and/or HBV through their occupation, travel or lifestyle. OBJECTIVE:To describe the vaccine efficacy, immunoge...
journal_title:Expert review of vaccines
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1586/14760584.2016.1150182
更新日期:2016-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mucosal vaccines constitute an advantageous immunization approach to achieve broad immunization against widespread diseases; however, improvements in this field are still required to expand their exploitation. As gold nanoparticles are biocompatible and can be easily functionalized with antigens, they have been propos...
journal_title:Expert review of vaccines
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1586/14760584.2015.1064772
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tumor vaccine has been studied extensively as an alternative or adjuvant therapy in the treatment of malignant tumors in the hope of prolonging the overall survival rates of cancer patients. The efficacy largely relies on the specificity of the target. In the last decade, many antibody epitopes, called mimotopes, have...
journal_title:Expert review of vaccines
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1586/14760584.7.10.1547
更新日期:2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::A key challenge to HIV vaccine development is the integration of HIV proviral DNA into the host genome upon infection. Therefore, an optimal vaccine should block infection within hours of viral exposure, providing 'sterilizing immunity' at mucosal sites and in blood via potent, broadly reactive antibody to the HIV env...
journal_title:Expert review of vaccines
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1586/14760584.3.4.s105
更新日期:2004-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The concept of cancer vaccines is as a therapeutic strategy to immunize the body against cancer antigens that may not be presented by the cancer itself, due to the marked immunosuppressive effects of the disease, which has been demonstrated in many different tumors. ...
journal_title:Expert review of vaccines
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1586/14760584.3.6.665
更新日期:2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Combination vaccines have been used for many years in the USA as part of the primary infant immunization series. However, the current program still requires up to 24 injections by 18 months of age. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices in the USA recommends the use of combination vaccines whenever possible....
journal_title:Expert review of vaccines
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1586/erv.09.59
更新日期:2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recombinant adenoviruses have emerged as promising viral vectors for CD8(+) T-cell vaccines. Our studies have indicated that unlike most acute infections, the CD8(+) T-cell memory population elicited by recombinant human adenovirus serotype 5 (rHuAd5) displays a dominant effector memory phenotype. Persistent, low-leve...
journal_title:Expert review of vaccines
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1586/erv.11.88
更新日期:2011-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::An hypothesis published in 1998 suggested that measles-mumps-rubella vaccine may cause autism as a result of persistent measles virus infection of the gastrointestinal tract. Results of early studies were not supportive and in 2001 a review by the Institute of Medicine concluded that the evidence favors the rejection ...
journal_title:Expert review of vaccines
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1586/14760584.3.1.19
更新日期:2004-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dengue virus is the most significant arboviral pathogen worldwide with nearly 400 million infections annually and half the global population at risk of disease. Despite this tremendous public health burden, there are no licensed treatments or vaccines to prevent dengue in humans. Results from clinical trials of leadin...
journal_title:Expert review of vaccines
pub_type: 社论
doi:10.1586/14760584.2015.961431
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The management of advanced prostate cancer, specifically metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), remains a therapeutic challenge. Sipuleucel-T (Provenge; APC8015) was approved by the FDA in 2010 for the treatment of asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic mCRPC patients, and it remains the only FDA-approv...
journal_title:Expert review of vaccines
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1586/14760584.2015.1099437
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::It is generally believed that the role of CD4(+) T cells is to coordinate the different arms of the adaptive immune system to shape an effective response against a pathogen and regulate nonessential or deleterious activities. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that effector CD4(+) T cells can directly displa...
journal_title:Expert review of vaccines
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1586/erv.10.132
更新日期:2010-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Newborns and infants are highly susceptible to infectious diseases, resulting in high mortality and morbidity, particularly in resource-poor settings. Many vaccines require several booster doses, resulting in an extensive vaccine schedule, and yet there is still inadequate protection from some of these diseases. This ...
journal_title:Expert review of vaccines
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1586/erv.10.41
更新日期:2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The skin is an attractive target for vaccine delivery. Adjuvants and antigens delivered into the skin can result in potent immune responses and an unmatched safety profile. The heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) from Escherichia coli, which acts both as antigen and adjuvant, has been shown to be delivered to human skin effi...
journal_title:Expert review of vaccines
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1586/14760584.6.5.809
更新日期:2007-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Several new TB vaccines are currently undergoing clinical trials. Among the most promising is a vaccine based upon the modified vaccinia virus Ankara-expressing mycobacterial antigen 85A (MVA85A). Given the widespread use of the current TB vaccine, BCG, many of the new TB vaccines are being tested for their ability to...
journal_title:Expert review of vaccines
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.1586/erv.11.144
更新日期:2011-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Notifications of infant deaths, assumed to be related to the introduction of new pentavalent DTwP-Hib-HBV childhood vaccines, caused, during 2008-2010 in few Asian countries, temporary interruptions of the respective vaccination programs. The sudden appearance of fatal cases was due to increased awareness/publicity an...
journal_title:Expert review of vaccines
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1586/14760584.2015.1059759
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dr Tamar Ben-Yedidia has more than 15 years of experience in the field of immunology, with specific expertise in the development of vaccines. She started her career with Biotechnology General Ltd (BTG; Rehovot, Israel), working on the development of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. She joined the Weizmann Institute ...
journal_title:Expert review of vaccines
pub_type: 面试
doi:10.1586/erv.10.2
更新日期:2010-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Several live-attenuated Shigella vaccines, with well-defined mutations in specific genes, have shown great promise in eliciting significant immune responses when given orally to volunteers. These responses have been measured by evaluating antibody-secreting cells, serum antibody levels and fecal immunoglobulin A to ba...
journal_title:Expert review of vaccines
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1586/14760584.5.5.669
更新日期:2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated CpG motifs act as immune adjuvants, accelerating and boosting antigen-specific antibody responses by up to 500-fold. CpG motifs promote the production of T-helper 1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines and induce the maturation/activation of professional antigen-presen...
journal_title:Expert review of vaccines
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1586/14760584.2.2.305
更新日期:2003-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Conjugate vaccines using diphtheria toxoid variant (CRM(197)), diphtheria toxoid and tetanus toxoid (TT) as carrier protein may induce immune interactions (interference or impairment as measured by lower antibody levels, or enhancement [higher antibody levels]) when coadministered with other vaccines. Immune enhanceme...
journal_title:Expert review of vaccines
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1586/erv.11.142
更新日期:2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Influenza vaccines remain the primary public health tool in reducing the ever-present burden of influenza and its complications. In seeking more immunogenic, more effective and more broadly cross-protective influenza vaccines, the landscape of influenza vaccines is rapidly expanding, both in near-term advances and nex...
journal_title:Expert review of vaccines
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1586/erv.13.35
更新日期:2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The USA is experiencing a pertussis resurgence that resulted in a 60-year high of 48,000 cases in 2012. Our ability to counteract this resurgence is hampered by the fact that pertussis pathogenesis and immunity to pertussis infection are not well studied. Studies in humans are difficult due to the low frequency of per...
journal_title:Expert review of vaccines
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1586/14760584.2014.946016
更新日期:2014-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The available vaccines against human papillomavirus have some limitations such as low coverage due to their high cost, reduced immune coverage and the lack of therapeutic effects. Recombinant vaccines produced in plants (genetically engineered using stable or transient expression systems) offer the possibility to obta...
journal_title:Expert review of vaccines
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1586/14760584.2015.1037744
更新日期:2015-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:It has been almost fifty years since the Towne strain was used by Plotkin and collaborators as the first vaccine candidate for cytomegalovirus (CMV). While that approach showed partial efficacy, there have been a multitude of challenges to improve on the promise of a CMV vaccine. Efforts have been dichotom...
journal_title:Expert review of vaccines
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/14760584.2018.1526085
更新日期:2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Pertussis is a highly contagious disease of the respiratory tract which is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis and is most severe in those <1 year of age. A vaccine against pertussis, introduced in the 1950's, led to a significant decrease in incidence of the disease, but recent increases in outbr...
journal_title:Expert review of vaccines
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/14760584.2018.1445530
更新日期:2018-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, initially developed to provide protection against TB, also protects against leprosy; and the magnitude of this effect varies. Previous meta-analyses did not provide a summary estimate of the efficacy due to the heterogeneity of the results. We conducted a meta-analysis of pu...
journal_title:Expert review of vaccines
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析
doi:10.1586/erv.09.161
更新日期:2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Singapore was the location of the 3rd Global Vaccine Congress on 4-6 October 2009, and it provided a suitable place for sharing a range of developments, concepts and challenges associated with vaccines. One of the major goals of this meeting was to present a broad and balanced program of research, development, product...
journal_title:Expert review of vaccines
pub_type:
doi:10.1586/erv.09.147
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Invasive meningococcal disease is a global public-health concern, with infants and adolescents bearing the majority of the disease burden. Vaccination is the most rational strategy to prevent meningococcal disease. Control of serogroup C disease has largely been achieved by the introduction of glycoconjugate meningoco...
journal_title:Expert review of vaccines
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1586/erv.09.18
更新日期:2009-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Active immunotherapy aimed at the stimulation of tumor-specific T cells has established itself within the clinic as a therapeutic option to treat cancer. One strategy is the use of so-called peptides that mimic genuine T-cell epitopes as vaccines to activate tumor-specific T cells. In various clinical trials, differen...
journal_title:Expert review of vaccines
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1586/14760584.2014.862499
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This section deals with how new knowledge of the development of cellular immunity in the neonatal period informs vaccine development and reviews the immune responses of the most vulnerable group of newborns, those born prematurely, to vaccines. It describes how the development of future vaccine strategies relies on a ...
journal_title:Expert review of vaccines
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1586/14760584.3.4.339
更新日期:2004-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) has become one of the major pathogens causing acute respiratory infections (ARI) mainly affecting young children, immunocompromised patients, and the elderly. Currently there are no licensed vaccines against this virus. Areas covered: Since the discovery of hMPV in 2001, many g...
journal_title:Expert review of vaccines
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/14760584.2017.1283223
更新日期:2017-05-01 00:00:00