Mutation rate is linked to diversification in birds.

abstract：:The induction of antigen-specific tolerance is critical for the prevention of autoimmunity and maintenance of immune tolerance. In addition to their classical role as sentinels of the immune response-inducing T cell reactivity, dendritic cells (DCs) play an important role in maintaining peripheral tolerance through th...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Chorny A,Gonzalez-Rey E,Fernandez-Martin A,Pozo D,Ganea D,Delgado M

更新日期：2005-09-20 00:00:00

abstract：:The template for transcription and replication of negative-stranded RNA viruses is a ribonucleoprotein structure, the nucleocapsid. We have developed a system that supports assembly of the negative-stranded RNA genome of a defective interfering (DI) particle of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) into a nucleocapsid in v...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Mirakhur B,Peluso RW

更新日期：1988-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We show here that a cell-wall invertase encoded by the Incw1 gene is regulated at both the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels by sugars in a heterotrophic cell suspension culture of maize. The Incw1 gene encoded two transcripts: Incw1-S (small) and Incw1-L (large); the size variation was attributable to di...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Cheng WH,Taliercio EW,Chourey PS

更新日期：1999-08-31 00:00:00

abstract：:In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic many countries implemented containment measures to reduce disease transmission. Studies using digital data sources show that the mobility of individuals was effectively reduced in multiple countries. However, it remains unclear whether these reductions caused deeper structural chan...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Schlosser F,Maier BF,Jack O,Hinrichs D,Zachariae A,Brockmann D

更新日期：2020-12-29 00:00:00

abstract：:Human tuberculosis is caused by members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) that vary in virulence and transmissibility. While genome-wide association studies have uncovered several mutations conferring drug resistance, much less is known about the factors underlying other bacterial phenotypes. Variation ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Øyås O,Borrell S,Trauner A,Zimmermann M,Feldmann J,Liphardt T,Gagneux S,Stelling J,Sauer U,Zampieri M

更新日期：2020-04-14 00:00:00

abstract：:Initiation and control of replication of the broad-host-range plasmid RK2 requires two plasmid-encoded elements, the replication origin (oriV) and the initiation protein TrfA. Purified TrfA is largely in the form of a dimer; however, only the monomeric form of the protein can bind specifically to the direct repeats (i...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Konieczny I,Helinski DR

更新日期：1997-12-23 00:00:00

abstract：:Are animals conscious? If so, when did consciousness evolve? We address these long-standing and essential questions using a modern neuroscientific approach that draws on diverse fields such as consciousness studies, evolutionary neurobiology, animal psychology, and anesthesiology. We propose that the stepwise emergenc...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Mashour GA,Alkire MT

更新日期：2013-06-18 00:00:00

abstract：:Up-regulation of the folding machinery of the heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90) chaperone protein is crucial for cancer progression. The two Hsp90 isoforms (α and β) play different roles in response to chemotherapy. To identify isoform-selective inhibitors of Hsp90(α/β)/cochaperone p23 interactions, we developed a dual-lu...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Chan CT,Reeves RE,Geller R,Yaghoubi SS,Hoehne A,Solow-Cordero DE,Chiosis G,Massoud TF,Paulmurugan R,Gambhir SS

更新日期：2012-09-11 00:00:00

abstract：:We present evidence of rapid and reliable associative learning by the terrestrial mollusc, Limax maximus. Slugs were exposed once to a pairing of a highly attractive food odor (potato or carrot) and a saturated solution of quinidine sulfate, a bitter-tasting plant substance. In comparison with control slugs, the expos...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Sahley C,Gelperin A,Rudy JW

更新日期：1981-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Despite structural knowledge of broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (NMAbs) complexed to HIV-1 gp120 and gp41 envelope glycoproteins, virus inactivation mechanisms have been difficult to prove, in part because neutralization assays are complex and were previously not understood. Concordant with recent evidence ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Platt EJ,Gomes MM,Kabat D

更新日期：2012-05-15 00:00:00

abstract：:To maintain genome stability, cells with damaged DNA must arrest to allow repair of mutations before replication. Although several key components required to elicit this arrest have been discovered, much of the pathway remains elusive. Here we report that pRB acts as a central mediator of the proliferative block induc...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Harrington EA,Bruce JL,Harlow E,Dyson N

更新日期：1998-09-29 00:00:00

abstract：:Extended defects are known to have critical influences in achieving desired material performance. However, the nature of extended defect generation is highly elusive due to the presence of multiple nucleation mechanisms with close energetics. A strategy to design extended defects in a simple and clean way is thus high...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Wang Z,Guo H,Shao S,Saghayezhian M,Li J,Fittipaldi R,Vecchione A,Siwakoti P,Zhu Y,Zhang J,Plummer EW

更新日期：2018-09-18 00:00:00

abstract：:Visual processing depends critically on the receptive field (RF) properties of visual neurons. However, comprehensive characterization of RFs beyond the primary visual cortex (V1) remains a challenge. Here we report fine RF structures in secondary visual cortex (V2) of awake macaque monkeys, identified through a proje...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Liu L,She L,Chen M,Liu T,Lu HD,Dan Y,Poo MM

更新日期：2016-02-16 00:00:00

abstract：:Understanding biological and physical processes involving nucleic acids, such as the binding of proteins to DNA and RNA, DNA condensation, and RNA folding, requires an understanding of the ion atmosphere that surrounds nucleic acids. We have used a simple model DNA system to determine how the ion atmosphere modulates ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Bai Y,Das R,Millett IS,Herschlag D,Doniach S

更新日期：2005-01-25 00:00:00

abstract：:To determine the importance of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species toxicity in aging and senescence, we analyzed changes in mitochondrial function with age in mice with partial or complete deficiencies in the mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). Liver mitochondria from homozygous ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Kokoszka JE,Coskun P,Esposito LA,Wallace DC

更新日期：2001-02-27 00:00:00

abstract：:Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) represent a unique tool for the study of the pathophysiology of human disease, because these cells can be differentiated into multiple cell types in vitro and used to generate patient- and tissue-specific disease models. Given the critical role for skeletal muscle insulin res...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Iovino S,Burkart AM,Warren L,Patti ME,Kahn CR

更新日期：2016-02-16 00:00:00

abstract：:Homeobox genes constitute a large family of transcription factors that are essential during normal development and are often dysregulated in cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms by which homeobox genes influence cancer remain largely unknown. Here we show that the tissue-restricted cyclin A1 is a transcriptional ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Coletta RD,Christensen K,Reichenberger KJ,Lamb J,Micomonaco D,Huang L,Wolf DM,Müller-Tidow C,Golub TR,Kawakami K,Ford HL

更新日期：2004-04-27 00:00:00

abstract：:Mannan-binding protein (MBP), a Ca2+-dependent mammalian lectin specific for mannose and N-acetylglucosamine, is an important serum component associated with innate immunity. MBP activates complement and functions as a direct opsonin on binding to mannooligosaccharide-bearing pathogens. We have found that MBP recogniz...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Ma Y,Uemura K,Oka S,Kozutsumi Y,Kawasaki N,Kawasaki T

更新日期：1999-01-19 00:00:00

abstract：:Animals are associated with a microbiome that can affect their reproductive success. It is, therefore, important to understand how a host and its microbiome coevolve. According to the hologenome concept, hosts and their microbiome form an integrated evolutionary entity, a holobiont, on which selection can potentially ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： van Vliet S,Doebeli M

更新日期：2019-10-08 00:00:00

abstract：:The inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) associated with plasma membranes of lymphocytes differs in terminal sugar content and binding specificity from the cerebellar receptor, which is localized to endoplasmic reticulum. Lectin column chromatography reveals that 30% of IP3R in the thymus contains sialic acid,...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Khan AA,Steiner JP,Snyder SH

更新日期：1992-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Previous work has shown that serotonin induces an increase in membrane K+ conductance in Aplysia neuron R15 and that this response is mediated by cAMP. The present study examines the role of protein phosphorylation in the response to serotonin. A specific inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase was injected intrace...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Adams WB,Levitan IB

更新日期：1982-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder resulting from mutations in an X-linked gene, PIG-A, that encodes an enzyme required for the first step in the biosynthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors. PIG-A mutations result in absent or decreased cell surface ex...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Brodsky RA,Vala MS,Barber JP,Medof ME,Jones RJ

更新日期：1997-08-05 00:00:00

abstract：:Brn-4 is a member of the POU transcription factor family and is expressed in the central nervous system. In this study, we addressed whether Brn-4 regulates expression of the D1A dopamine receptor gene. We found a functional Brn-4 responsive element in the intron of this gene by means of cotransfection chloramphenical...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Okazawa H,Imafuku I,Minowa MT,Kanazawa I,Hamada H,Mouradian MM

更新日期：1996-10-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Memory formation requires the placement of experienced events in the same order in which they appeared. A large body of evidence from human studies indicates that structures in the medial temporal lobe are critically involved in forming and maintaining such memories, and complementing evidence from lesion and electrop...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Paz R,Gelbard-Sagiv H,Mukamel R,Harel M,Malach R,Fried I

更新日期：2010-03-30 00:00:00

abstract：:Leukocytes normally marginate toward the vascular wall in large vessels and within the microvasculature. Reversal of this process, leukocyte demargination, leads to substantial increases in the clinical white blood cell and granulocyte count and is a well-documented effect of glucocorticoid and catecholamine hormones,...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Fay ME,Myers DR,Kumar A,Turbyfield CT,Byler R,Crawford K,Mannino RG,Laohapant A,Tyburski EA,Sakurai Y,Rosenbluth MJ,Switz NA,Sulchek TA,Graham MD,Lam WA

更新日期：2016-02-23 00:00:00

abstract：:Using animal models of acinar and ductal pancreatic cancer, we investigated the effect of analogs of hypothalamic hormones on tumor growth. In Wistar/Lewis rats bearing the acinar pancreatic tumor DNCP-322, chronic administration of [L-5-Br-Trp8]somatostatin-14 significantly decreased tumor weights and volume. Somatos...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Redding TW,Schally AV

更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Humans and other primates are distinct among placental mammals in having exceptionally slow rates of growth, reproduction, and aging. Primates' slow life history schedules are generally thought to reflect an evolved strategy of allocating energy away from growth and reproduction and toward somatic investment, particul...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Pontzer H,Raichlen DA,Gordon AD,Schroepfer-Walker KK,Hare B,O'Neill MC,Muldoon KM,Dunsworth HM,Wood BM,Isler K,Burkart J,Irwin M,Shumaker RW,Lonsdorf EV,Ross SR

更新日期：2014-01-28 00:00:00

abstract：:Policy folklists present a set of alleged historical facts seen as relevant to some social issue. Although the validity of these folklists is dubious, leaders and writers circulate them in the media, variants arise, and the lists continue on, sometimes for decades. Folklists are repeated because their messages are app...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： O'Neill B

更新日期：2014-07-22 00:00:00

abstract：:Gene delivery to skeletal muscle is a promising strategy for the treatment of muscle disorders and for the systemic secretion of therapeutic proteins. However, present DNA delivery technologies have to be improved with regard to both the level of expression and interindividual variability. We report very efficient pla...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Mir LM,Bureau MF,Gehl J,Rangara R,Rouy D,Caillaud JM,Delaere P,Branellec D,Schwartz B,Scherman D

更新日期：1999-04-13 00:00:00

abstract：:The influence of oxidation state on the pH dependence of the dissolution of the Fe(4)S(4) clusters of Chromatium vinosum ferredoxin and high-potential iron protein (HIPIP) has been studied. The first-order rate constants (k(obs)) for dissolution of both the Fe(4)S(4)(S-Cys)(4) (2-) and Fe(4)S(4)(S-Cys)(4) (3-) cluster...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Maskiewicz R,Bruice TC

更新日期：1977-12-01 00:00:00