Abstract:
:Diversity in 39 HLA-A, -B, and -C molecules is derived from 20 amino acid positions of high variability and 71 positions of low variability. Variation in the structurally homologous alpha 1 and alpha 2 domains is distinct and may correlate with partial segregation of peptide and T-cell receptor binding functions. Comparison of 15 HLA-A with 20 HLA-B molecules reveals considerable locus-specific character, due primarily to differences at polymorphic residues. The results indicate that genetic exchange between alleles of the same locus has been a more important mechanism in the generation of HLA-A, -B, and -C diversity than genetic exchange events between alleles of different loci.
journal_name
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S Aauthors
Parham P,Lomen CE,Lawlor DA,Ways JP,Holmes N,Coppin HL,Salter RD,Wan AM,Ennis PDdoi
10.1073/pnas.85.11.4005subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1988-06-01 00:00:00pages
4005-9issue
11eissn
0027-8424issn
1091-6490journal_volume
85pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Agrobacterium tumefaciens causes crown gall tumors on various plants by delivering transferred DNA (T-DNA) and virulence proteins into host plant cells. Under laboratory conditions, the bacterium is widely used as a vector to genetically modify a wide range of organisms, including plants, yeasts, fungi, and algae. Var...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1612098114
更新日期:2017-03-14 00:00:00
abstract::A number of genes associated with sexual traits and reproduction evolve at the sequence level faster than the majority of genes coding for non-sex-related traits. Whole genome analyses allow this observation to be extended beyond the limited set of genes that have been studied thus far. We use cDNA microarrays to demo...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1630690100
更新日期:2003-08-19 00:00:00
abstract::Most evidence supports the view that ER alpha is responsible for estrogen (ovarian estradiol, E(2))-induced proliferation in the epithelial cells of the mammary gland, but despite this, proliferating epithelial cells do not express ER alpha. We have examined this apparent paradox by studying the role of ER alpha and E...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0307864100
更新日期:2004-03-16 00:00:00
abstract::It is shown that, under certain standard assumptions, such as extended Riemann hypotheses, the scattering matrix varphi(s) for generic Gamma = SL(2, R) is unexpectedly of order 2. This leads to the conjecture that the generic cofinite Gamma has very few Maass cusp forms. ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.82.11.3533
更新日期:1985-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid (HAA), a compound generated during tryptophan metabolism initiated by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, is known to induce T cell death, but its molecular target is not known. Here we report that HAA inhibits NF-kappaB activation upon T cell antigen receptor engagement by specifically targeting PD...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0709261104
更新日期:2007-11-20 00:00:00
abstract::An improved electron cloud bolometer is analyzed. In this device the cloud temperature is read out not via thermal noise induced by the electrons in a coupled LC circuit but via shift in their axial oscillation frequency in the Penning trap confining them. This shift occurs because as the electron cloud expands with i...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.91.14.6308
更新日期:1994-07-05 00:00:00
abstract::We have earlier reported conditions that support the axenic development in vitro of a complete asexual erythrocytic cycle of Plasmodium falciparum. Up to 30% of merozoites showed initial differentiation into trophic forms (rings) viable at 14 hr. However, only approximately 1% of the merozoites would develop further i...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.92.2.566
更新日期:1995-01-17 00:00:00
abstract::The properties of the virus synthesized by each of three morphologically different cell lines originating from DBA/2J fetal liver cells transformed by the anemic strain of Friend leukemia virus in vitro were analyzed. The cells of line G-1 are malignant in syngeneic DBA/2 mice, grow in suspension, and are erythroid in...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.77.10.5769
更新日期:1980-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The genomic sequences encoding the human lysosomal acid lipase/cholesteryl esterase (sterol esterase; EC 3.1.1.13) have been isolated and sequenced, and the information has been used to identify mutations in both alleles of the gene from a patient with Wolman disease, an autosomal recessive lysosomal lipid storage dis...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.91.7.2718
更新日期:1994-03-29 00:00:00
abstract::Phosphorylation of purified microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) inhibits the rate and extent of MAP-stimulated microtubule assembly. The extent of microtubule assembly is reduced as a result of a decrease in the fraction of tubulin polymerized, without a significant change in the critical protein concentration. The...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.78.6.3413
更新日期:1981-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::An analysis of taxonomic longevity for species of the two Cenozoic radiations of Caribbean planktonic foraminifera shows strong similarity in longevity for extinct taxa, though extant species of the latter radiation are biased towards longer-lived forms. In this case, the present is not the key to the past. A simple o...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.81.17.5478
更新日期:1984-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Commensal and pathogenic bacteria must deal with many different stress conditions to survive in and colonize the human gastrointestinal tract. One major challenge that bacteria encounter in the gut is the high concentration of bile salts, which not only aid in food absorption but also act as effective physiological an...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1401941111
更新日期:2014-04-22 00:00:00
abstract::Induction of transcription of the GAL genes of yeast by galactose is a multistep process: Galactose frees the activator Gal4 of its inhibitor, Gal80, allowing Gal4 to recruit proteins required to transcribe the GAL genes. Here, we show that deletion of components of either the HSP90 or the HSP70 chaperone machinery de...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0800053105
更新日期:2008-02-26 00:00:00
abstract::Previous reports have shown that γδ T cells are important for the elimination of malaria parasites in humans and mice. However, how γδ T cells are involved in protective immunity against blood-stage malaria remains unknown. We infected γδ T-cell-deficient (TCRδ-KO) mice and control wild-type mice with Plasmodium bergh...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1204480109
更新日期:2012-07-24 00:00:00
abstract::Levels of inter-male aggression, both in laboratory encounters and in the field, rise dramatically during the breeding season, closely paralleling the seasonal rise in testosterone. However, post-pubertally castrated males also show the dramatic seasonal rise in aggression in laboratory encounters with castrated oppon...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.81.16.5255
更新日期:1984-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::In genotypic mutation analysis DNA sequence changes are determined without the in vivo or in vitro selection of phenotypically altered cells. We have studied the induction of base-pair changes by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea in Taq I endonuclease recognition site 2508-2511 (TCGA) of the c-H-ras1 gene in human fibroblasts by ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.89.12.5331
更新日期:1992-06-15 00:00:00
abstract::Using morphometrical methods, we investigated variation in the skeletons of more than 400 offspring of C57BL/6J and DBA/2J male mice that had received either a 250 mg/kg dose of the mutagen ethylnitrosourea or a solvent control. Sperm involved in the matings developed from cells in the spermatogonial stage at the time...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.82.9.2852
更新日期:1985-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The human fungal pathogen Candida albicans shows a significant lag in growth when diluted into fresh minimal medium. This lag is abolished by the addition of conditioned medium from a high-density culture. The active component of conditioned medium is tyrosol, which is released into the medium continuously during grow...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0401416101
更新日期:2004-04-06 00:00:00
abstract::Surface functionalization of semiconductors has been the backbone of the newest developments in microelectronics, energy conversion, sensing device design, and many other fields of science and technology. Over a decade ago, the notion of viewing the surface itself as a chemical reagent in surface reactions was introdu...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1006656107
更新日期:2011-01-18 00:00:00
abstract::Hippocampal mossy fibers, which are the axons of dentate granule cells, form powerful excitatory synapses onto the proximal dendrites of CA3 pyramidal cells. It has long been known that high-affinity binding sites for kainate, a glutamate receptor agonist, are present on mossy fibers. Here we summarize recent experime...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1073/pnas.191351498
更新日期:2001-09-25 00:00:00
abstract::Kinetic analysis of the in vitro reconstitution of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (phosphorylating), EC 1.2.1.12] from yeast showed that both oxidized and reduced coenzyme enhance the transconformation reaction, which is rate limiting in the sequential foldin...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.77.4.1966
更新日期:1980-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Animals often use sex pheromones for mate choice and reproduction. As for other signals, the genetic control of the emission and perception of sex pheromones must be tightly coadapted, and yet we still have no worked-out example of how these two aspects interact. Most models suggest that emission and perception rely o...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1109166108
更新日期:2012-01-03 00:00:00
abstract::The traditional disciplines of science are grounded in the observation and measurement of object properties. Recent advances in digital computer technology have spawned numerous computer-based imaging systems that extend the range of observation and measurement into realms that would otherwise be inaccessible. More im...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.90.21.9746
更新日期:1993-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Radioimmunoassay revealed increased dynorphin A(1-8)-like immunoreactivity [dynA(1-8)LI] in the aged rat brain. Among a number of brain regions examined, an age-related dynA(1-8)LI elevation was found only in the hippocampal formation and frontal cortex. Moreover, the increase in dynA(1-8)LI in the aged hippocampus wa...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.86.8.2948
更新日期:1989-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit accumulate the red carotenoid pigment lycopene. The recessive mutation yellow-flesh (locus r) in tomato eliminates fruit carotenoids by disrupting the activity of the fruit-specific phytoene synthase (PSY1), the first committed step in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway. Fruits of ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1214808109
更新日期:2012-11-13 00:00:00
abstract::Far-red radiation (FR) reflected by green tissues is a key signal that plants use to detect the proximity of future competitors. Perception of increased levels of FR elicits a suite of responses collectively known as the shade-avoidance syndrome, which includes increased stem elongation, production of erect leaves, an...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0509805103
更新日期:2006-05-02 00:00:00
abstract::Plants adapt to alterations in light conditions by controlling their gene expression profiles. Expression of light-inducible genes is transcriptionally induced by transcription factors such as HY5. However, few detailed analyses have been carried out on the control of transcription start sites (TSSs). Of the various w...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1804971115
更新日期:2018-07-24 00:00:00
abstract::The human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum can cause infected red blood cells (iRBC) to form rosettes with uninfected RBC, a phenotype associated with severe malaria. Rosetting is mediated by a subset of the Plasmodium falciparum membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) variant adhesins expressed on the infected host-cell su...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1018692108
更新日期:2011-03-29 00:00:00
abstract::Purified influenza viral cores catalyze the entire process of viral RNA transcription, which includes the endonucleolytic cleavage of heterologous RNAs containing cap 1 (m(7)GpppNm) structures to generate capped primers 10-13 nucleotides long, the initiation of transcription via the incorporation of a guanosine residu...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.78.12.7355
更新日期:1981-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fungal cell walls and fragments thereof (elicitors) induce the formation of low and high molecular weight defense compounds in plant cell suspension cultures. This induced synthesis requires a signal molecule transmitting the message between the elicitor plant cell wall receptor and gene activation. We demonstrate in ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.90.16.7490
更新日期:1993-08-15 00:00:00