Abstract:
:Larger brains have an increasingly folded cerebral cortex whose white matter scales up faster than the gray matter. Here we analyze the cellular composition of the subcortical white matter in 11 primate species, including humans, and one Scandentia, and show that the mass of the white matter scales linearly across species with its number of nonneuronal cells, which is expected to be proportional to the total length of myelinated axons in the white matter. This result implies that the average axonal cross-section area in the white matter, a, does not scale significantly with the number of neurons in the gray matter, N. The surface area of the white matter increases with N(0.87), not N(1.0). Because this surface can be defined as the product of N, a, and the fraction n of cortical neurons connected through the white matter, we deduce that connectivity decreases in larger cerebral cortices as a slowly diminishing fraction of neurons, which varies with N(-0.16), sends myelinated axons into the white matter. Decreased connectivity is compatible with previous suggestions that neurons in the cerebral cortex are connected as a small-world network and should slow down the increase in global conduction delay in cortices with larger numbers of neurons. Further, a simple model shows that connectivity and cortical folding are directly related across species. We offer a white matter-based mechanism to account for increased cortical folding across species, which we propose to be driven by connectivity-related tension in the white matter, pulling down on the gray matter.
journal_name
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S Aauthors
Herculano-Houzel S,Mota B,Wong P,Kaas JHdoi
10.1073/pnas.1012590107subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2010-11-02 00:00:00pages
19008-13issue
44eissn
0027-8424issn
1091-6490pii
1012590107journal_volume
107pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is the most common extranodal lymphoid cell neoplasia; it frequently follows chronic bacteria-induced inflammation in various tissues. MALT lymphomas are characterized genetically by the t(11;18)(q21;q21) translocation, which yields chimeric transcripts encoding struct...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0402415101
更新日期:2004-06-15 00:00:00
abstract::The simultaneous addition of [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-enkephalin and morphiceptin at concentrations at which 98% of enkephalin (delta) and morphine (mu) receptors are occupied only partially inhibits the binding of [3H]diprenorphine to rat brain membranes. These conditions, furthermore, do not affect the curves for displaceme...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.78.7.4141
更新日期:1981-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Immunoprecipitation of proteins extracted from metabolically labeled human glioblastoma and fibrosarcoma cells with antiserum to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) showed that these cells express and secrete proteins that are recognized specifically by the antiserum. The molecular masses of immunoprecipitated prote...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.82.8.2404
更新日期:1985-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::For an excitable cell to function properly, a precise number of ion channel proteins need to be trafficked to distinct locations on the cell surface membrane, through a network and anchoring activity of cytoskeletal proteins. Not surprisingly, mutations in anchoring proteins have profound effects on membrane excitabil...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1323541111
更新日期:2014-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::Increasing evidence suggests that amyloid polymorphism gives rise to different strains of amyloids with distinct toxicities and pathology-spreading properties. Validating this hypothesis is challenging due to a lack of tools and methods that allow for the direct characterization of amyloid polymorphism in hydrated and...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1916176117
更新日期:2020-03-24 00:00:00
abstract::The excitatory neurotransmitter, glutamate, activates N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors to induce long-lasting synaptic changes through alterations in gene expression. It is believed that these long-lasting changes contribute to learning and memory, drug tolerance, and ischemic preconditioning. To identify NMDA-in...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0305170101
更新日期:2004-02-17 00:00:00
abstract::Complex social behavior in Microtus voles and other mammals has been postulated to be under the direct genetic control of a single locus: the arginine vasopressin 1a receptor (avpr1a) gene. Using a phylogenetic approach, we show that a repetitive element in the promoter region of avpr1a, which reportedly causes social...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0602380103
更新日期:2006-07-18 00:00:00
abstract::The Notch signaling pathway is essential for many aspects of development, cell fate determination, and tissue homeostasis. Notch signaling can be modulated by posttranslational modifications to the Notch receptor, which are known to alter both ligand binding and receptor activation. We have modified the ligand-binding...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1319683111
更新日期:2014-05-20 00:00:00
abstract::The great mass extinctions of the fossil record were a major creative force that provided entirely new kinds of opportunities for the subsequent explosive evolution and diversification of surviving clades. Today, the synergistic effects of human impacts are laying the groundwork for a comparably great Anthropocene mas...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0802812105
更新日期:2008-08-12 00:00:00
abstract::We identified the phosphatidylinositol transfer protein (PITP) as being responsible for a powerful latent, nucleotide-independent, Golgi-vesiculating activity that is present in the cytosol but is only manifested as an uncontrolled activity in a cytosolic protein subfraction, in which it is separated from regulatory c...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.95.19.11181
更新日期:1998-09-15 00:00:00
abstract::Little is known about how genetic variation and epigenetic marks interact to shape differences in behavior. The foraging (for) gene regulates behavioral differences between the rover and sitter Drosophila melanogaster strains, but the molecular mechanisms through which it does so have remained elusive. We show that th...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1710770114
更新日期:2017-11-21 00:00:00
abstract::The free energy difference between complexes of the restriction nuclease EcoRI with nonspecific DNA and with the enzyme's recognition sequence is linearly dependent on the water chemical potential of the solution, set using several very different solutes, ranging from glycine and glycerol to triethylene glycol and suc...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.93.22.12272
更新日期:1996-10-29 00:00:00
abstract::Evidence for hydrogen bonding between 5'-ribonucleotides in water has been obtained from a 220-MHz proton magnetic resonance study of nitrogenous protons. The amino groups of GMP, AMP, and CMP exhibit proton resonance lines which are somewhat broadened by proton exchange with the solvent at 0 degrees ; their downfield...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.69.8.2025
更新日期:1972-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Transcriptional network evolution is central to the development of complex biological systems. Networks can evolve through variation of master regulators and/or by changes in regulation of genes within networks. To gain insight into meaningful evolutionary differences in large networks, it is essential to address the ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0704694105
更新日期:2008-01-22 00:00:00
abstract::Magnetotactic bacteria synthesize highly uniform intracellular magnetite nanoparticles through the action of several key biomineralization proteins. These proteins are present in a unique lipid-bound organelle (the magnetosome) that functions as a nanosized reactor in which the particle is formed. A master regulator p...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1409256111
更新日期:2014-11-11 00:00:00
abstract::The extracellular hemoglobin of Ascaris has an extremely high oxygen affinity (P50 = 0.004 mmHg). It consists of eight identical subunits of molecular weight 40,600. Their sequence, determined by protein chemistry, shows two tandemly linked globin-like sequences and an 18-residue C-terminal extension. Two N-linked gly...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.89.10.4638
更新日期:1992-05-15 00:00:00
abstract::Environmental temperature impacts the physical activity and ecology of ectothermic animals through its effects on muscle contractile physiology. Sprinting, swimming, and jumping performance of ectotherms decreases by at least 33% over a 10 degrees C drop, accompanied by a similar decline in muscle power. We propose th...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0910778107
更新日期:2010-03-23 00:00:00
abstract::The interaction of activated Ras with Raf initiates signaling cascades that contribute to a significant percentage of human tumors, suggesting that agents that specifically disrupt this interaction might have desirable chemotherapeutic properties. We used a subtractive forward two-hybrid approach to identify small mol...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.222222699
更新日期:2002-10-29 00:00:00
abstract::Although anatomy is often the first step in assigning functions to neural structures, it is not always clear whether architecturally distinct regions of the brain correspond to operational units. Whereas neuroarchitecture remains relatively static, functional connectivity may change almost instantaneously according to...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1514415112
更新日期:2015-10-06 00:00:00
abstract::The endothelins (ETs) form a group of three vasoactive peptides (ET-1, ET-2, and ET-3) for which two types of cellular receptors have been identified, types A and B ET receptors (ETA and ETB receptors, respectively). To address possible targets for ETs within the liver, we isolated the four principal liver cell popula...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.90.20.9266
更新日期:1993-10-15 00:00:00
abstract::The antigenic mosaic of the Archaebacterium Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum, strain delta H, was analyzed with a panel of six monoclonal antibodies. Five antigenic determinants were identified. One contains N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, another contains N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, and a third contains gamma-glutamylalani...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.80.20.6346
更新日期:1983-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Lon is an ATPase associated with cellular activities (AAA+) protease that controls cell division in response to stress and also degrades misfolded and damaged proteins. Subunits of Lon are known to assemble into ring-shaped homohexamers that enclose an internal degradation chamber. Here, we demonstrate that hexamers o...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1307066110
更新日期:2013-05-28 00:00:00
abstract::Aging and some pathological conditions are associated with the accumulation of altered (inactive or less active) forms of enzymes. It was suggested that these age-related alterations reflect spontaneous changes in protein conformation and/or posttranslational modifications (e.g., oxidation). Because changes in protein...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.94.7.2969
更新日期:1997-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The paucity of integral membrane protein structures creates a major bioinformatics gap, whose origin is the difficulty of crystallizing these detergent-solubilized proteins. The problem is particularly formidable for hetero-oligomeric integral membrane proteins, where crystallization is impeded by the heterogeneity an...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0931431100
更新日期:2003-04-29 00:00:00
abstract::The sea anemone, Nematostella vectensis, has become an attractive new model organism for comparative genomics and evolutionary developmental biology. Over the last few years, many genes have been isolated and their expression patterns studied to gain insight into their function. More recently, functional tools have be...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0909148107
更新日期:2010-01-05 00:00:00
abstract::The development of protein subunit vaccines to combat some of the world's deadliest pathogens such as a malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, is stalled, due in part to the inability to induce and sustain high-titer antibody responses. Here, we show the induction of persistent, high-titer antibody responses to reco...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0608545103
更新日期:2006-11-28 00:00:00
abstract::A key element for the development of suitable anti-cancer drugs is the identification of cancer-specific enzymatic activities that can be therapeutically targeted. Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue transformation protein 1 (MALT1) is a proto-oncogene that contributes to tumorigenesis in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0907511106
更新日期:2009-11-24 00:00:00
abstract::We have used fast time-resolved infrared spectroscopy to characterize a series of organometallic methane and ethane complexes in solution at room temperature: W(CO)5(CH4) and M(eta5-C5R5)(CO)2(L) [where M = Mn or Re, R = H or CH3 (Re only); and L = CH4 or C2H6]. In all cases, the methane complexes are found to be shor...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0610567104
更新日期:2007-04-24 00:00:00
abstract::Inelastic electron tunneling spectra of nucleosides and nucleotides are presented which show that detailed information on the vibrational spectra of these molecules can be obtained from a few micrograms of material. A series of studies on adenine derivatives demonstrates that unambiguous identification of a large numb...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.73.5.1598
更新日期:1976-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::We recently found that many residues in enzyme active sites can be computationally predicted by the optimization of scoring functions based on substrate binding affinity, subject to constraints on the geometry of catalytic residues and protein stability. Here, we explore the generality of this surprising observation. ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0505397102
更新日期:2005-08-23 00:00:00