Abstract:
:Steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency is present in more than 90% of patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, an inherited metabolic disorder of adrenal steroidogenesis. Impaired enzymatic activity leads to the accumulation of metabolic intermediates (progesterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone), which results in excessive androgen production and varied signs of virilisation. CYP21A2 is an active gene and encodes for the steroid 21-hydroxylase enzyme, whereas CYP21A1P is an inactive pseudogene that contains a series of deleterious mutations. The major part of disease-causing mutations in CYP21A2 alleles are CYP21A1P-derived sequence transferred to the active gene by macro or microconversion events. Approximately 5% of all disease-causing CYP21A2 alleles harbour rare mutations that do not originate from the pseudogene. A list of all reported CYP21A2 mutations can be found in the CYP21A2 database created by the Human Cytochrome P450 (CYP) Allele Nomenclature Committee (http:www.imm.Ki.se/CYPalleles/cyp21.htm). Unfortunately, the last update of this database was in 2006. However, over the last 4 years many other novel CYP21A2 mutations have been reported in PubMed. The aim of this review is to provide a focus on the molecular and genetic aspects of the diagnosis of 21-hydroxylase deficiency. In addition, an updated list of the last new CYP21A2 mutations is included.
journal_name
Clin Chem Lab Medjournal_title
Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicineauthors
Concolino P,Mello E,Zuppi C,Capoluongo Edoi
10.1515/CCLM.2010.239subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2010-08-01 00:00:00pages
1057-62issue
8eissn
1434-6621issn
1437-4331journal_volume
48pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract:BACKGROUND:Fibrinogen-based clot firmness is reported as the maximum amplitude (MA) when using the citrated functional fibrinogen (CFF) assay in thrombelastography (TEG), and as the maximum clot firmness (MCF) together with several clot amplitude parameters when using the FIBTEM assay in thromboelastometry (ROTEM). Con...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/cclm-2015-0345
更新日期:2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor for ischemic heart disease. Several other mechanisms apply also to dilative types of heart failure of various, non-ischemic etiologies. We hypothesized that hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with left ventricular (LV) dilatation and hypertrophy in dilative cardiomyopath...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2010.102
更新日期:2010-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition states that if IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase (tTG) exceeds 10 times the upper limit of normal (ULN), there is the possibility to diagnose celiac disease (CD) without duodenal biopsy, if supported by anti-endomysium testing and human leukocy...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/cclm-2013-1099
更新日期:2015-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Gestational age-specific reference values are essential for the accurate interpretation of haemostatic tests during pregnancy. METHODS:Our 1-year prospective study included 40 healthy pregnant women with a median age of 30 (range 22-40) years; the subjects were followed in order to establish the gestational...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/cclm-2014-1030
更新日期:2015-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/cclm-2017-0618
更新日期:2018-04-25 00:00:00
abstract::Removal of low molecular weight proteins from plasma by kidneys depends on glomerular filtration rate (GFR), protein-glomerular membrane electric charge, steric interactions and a number of functionally active nephrons present in the kidneys. There is a well documented relationship between the concentration of low mol...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2004.051
更新日期:2004-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2005.187
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2004.258
更新日期:2004-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/cclm-2019-0869
更新日期:2020-02-21 00:00:00
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journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/cclm-2020-0419
更新日期:2020-10-25 00:00:00
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journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1515/cclm-2016-0740
更新日期:2017-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1515/cclm-2012-0823
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/cclm.2009.080
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Method comparisons are indispensable tools for the extensive validation of analytic procedures. Laboratories often only want to know whether an established procedure (x-method) can be replaced by another one (y-method) without interfering with diagnostic purposes. Then split patients' samples are analyzed more or less...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2011.668
更新日期:2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are associated with family predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer. Novel screening methods are required for efficient and rapid detection of sequence variants in cancer patients and their family members. METHODS:The screening for variants in the breast and ovarian can...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2008.307
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/cclm-2014-0452
更新日期:2014-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The new swine influenza (H1N1) requires fast and accurate diagnosis. Currently, there are few reports about the diagnostic performance of influenza antigen tests with regard to the H1N1 virus infection. We evaluated the reactivity of eight commercially available rapid antigen tests in samples from confirmed ...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2010.022
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:Objectives:External quality assessment schemes (EQAS) are being established worldwide to support the faecal immunochemical test (FIT) for haemoglobin (Hb). FIT is widely used as a screening test for colorectal cancer and increasingly in assessment of patients presenting with symptoms. EQA for FIT is provided in several...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/cclm-2020-0210
更新日期:2020-08-07 00:00:00
abstract::Haemophilia A is the most common inherited bleeding disorder caused by defects in the F8C gene that encodes coagulation factor VIII. This X-linked recessive disorder occurs in approximately 1:5000 males. Haemophilia A is diagnosed based on normal prothrombin time, altered activated partial thromboplastin time and redu...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2007.093
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The European Directive 98/79/EC on in-vitro diagnostic medical devices (IVDs) regulates IVD marketing practices and post-market surveillance. IVD manufacturers have to inform the responsible Competent Authorities of any issues. In Germany, the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM) is respon...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2007.058
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The use of highly sensitive immunometric methods in clinical laboratories to assay anti-thyroid antibodies has progressively expanded in recent years but it is not known whether the new techniques have improved the analytical variability connected with the preceding methodologies. The Italian Society of Laboratory Med...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2002.098
更新日期:2002-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Translational research and translational medicine (referred to hereafter as translational research) are interchangeable terms that underline the pressing need to translate into practical benefits for those affected by disease the extensive investments divested by the private and public sectors in biomedical research. ...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2006.238
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The stability limit of an analyte in a biological sample can be defined as the time required until a measured property acquires a bias higher than a defined specification. Many studies assessing stability and presenting recommendations of stability limits are available, but differences among them are frequen...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1515/cclm-2017-1189
更新日期:2018-10-25 00:00:00
abstract::Measurement of S-100B protein in serum or cerebrospinal fluid is increasingly used as a molecular marker of brain damage. However, there is no information about the pre-analytical in vitro stability of S-100B. We have investigated whether storing blood samples at different time periods and conditions affected the meas...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2003.106
更新日期:2003-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:alpha-Thalassemia is a worldwide disease and considered to be a major public health problem in countries within the so-called thalassemia belt. The complex genetics of alpha-thalassemias requires diagnostic methods with the capacity to screen rapidly and accurately for common causative mutations. METHODS:We...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2007.125
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The aim of this study was to provide inter-laboratory imprecision comparisons of different groups of diagnostic systems as well as a comparison of professional laboratories with medical offices performance on the basis of 88,429 glucose results obtained in external quality assessment (EQA) schemes organized ...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2010.255
更新日期:2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::A questionable scientific approach to measuring at low concentrations and inappropriate censoring of results below certain cut-offs have resulted in the dichotomous classification of troponin assays based on their so-called analytical sensitivity. The definition of "high-sensitivity" cardiac troponin is flawed. Eviden...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/cclm-2017-0025
更新日期:2017-10-26 00:00:00
abstract::It has been well reported over recent years that most errors within the total testing process occur in the pre-analytical phase (46%-68.2%), an area that is usually outside of the direct control of the laboratory and which includes sample collection (phlebotomy). National and international (WHO, CLSI) guidelines recom...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,实务指引
doi:10.1515/cclm-2016-0426
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::We discovered a hitherto undescribed insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of 7 base pairs in intron 4 of the HP1 allele and intron 4 and 6 of the HP2 allele. Genotyping was performed in 311 Belgian subjects. The association between serum haptoglobin (Hp) and lipid concentrations and the Hp I/D genotypes was investiga...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2002.081
更新日期:2002-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The objective of the work was to study the manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) in the Chinese population, and evaluate the ability of lupus anticoagulant (LAC) assays to identify APS. METHODS:Consecutive patients with APS from 2012 to 2015 in our hospital were recruited, strictly following the...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/cclm-2016-0129
更新日期:2016-11-01 00:00:00