Abstract:
:Helicobacter pylori is a gram negative pathogen that infects at least half of the world's population and is associated not only with gastric cancer but also with other diseases such as gastritis and peptic ulcers. Indeed, H. pylori is considered the single most important risk factor for the development of gastric cancer. The vacuolating cytotoxin VacA, secreted by H. pylori, promotes intracellular survival of the bacterium and modulates host immune responses. In a recent study, we reported that VacA induces autophagy. Multilamellar autophagosomes are detected in gastric epithelial cells that are distinct from the large vacuoles formed by VacA. Furthermore, inhibition of autophagy stabilizes VacA and reduces vacuolation in the cells indicating that the toxin is being degraded by autophagy, thus limiting toxin-induced host cell damage. Many of the methods that were used for this study are commonly employed techniques that were adapted for H. pylori infection and VacA intoxication. In this paper, we describe the various methods and specific protocols used for the assessment and monitoring of autophagy during H. pylori infection.
journal_name
Autophagyjournal_title
Autophagyauthors
Raju D,Jones NLdoi
10.4161/auto.6.1.10222subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2010-01-01 00:00:00pages
138-43issue
1eissn
1554-8627issn
1554-8635pii
10222journal_volume
6pub_type
杂志文章,评审相关文献
Autophagy文献大全abstract::As a selective degradation system, chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and survival under stress conditions. Increasing evidence points to an important role for the dysfunction of CMA in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease (PD). However, the mechanisms by which CMA re...
journal_title:Autophagy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/15548627.2016.1179401
更新日期:2016-08-02 00:00:00
abstract::Antagonizing the strongly activated pathway of autophagy in renal ischemic injury has been associated with poor outcome. In our recent study we used mice with a selective deletion of Atg5 in the S3 proximal tubule segment, which is most susceptible to ischemic damage. In line with the notion that autophagy is a prosur...
journal_title:Autophagy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/15548627.2015.1135284
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Microglia are innate immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS), that supplies neurons with key factors for executing autophagosomal/lysosomal functions. Macroautophagy/autophagy is a cellular catabolic process that maintains cell balance in response to stress-related stimulation. Abnormal autophagy occurs with ...
journal_title:Autophagy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/15548627.2018.1522467
更新日期:2019-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mutations in the ER-associated VAPB/ALS8 protein cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinal muscular atrophy. Previous studies have argued that ER stress may underlie the demise of neurons. We find that loss of VAP proteins (VAPs) leads to an accumulation of aberrant lysosomes and impairs lysosomal degradation. VA...
journal_title:Autophagy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/15548627.2019.1580103
更新日期:2019-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a procedure that has applications in the selective eradication of neoplasia where sites of malignant lesions are clearly delineated. It is a two-step process whereby cells are first sensitized to light and then photoirradiated. This results in the formation of singlet molecular oxygen and...
journal_title:Autophagy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.4161/auto.6.1.10220
更新日期:2010-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Syrian hamster Harderian gland (HG) is a juxtaorbital organ exhibiting marked gender-associated morphological differences. Regarding contents of porphyrins, this gland is a good model for studying physiological oxidative stress effects, since both sexes present strong (in females) and moderate (in males) levels of...
journal_title:Autophagy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4161/auto.2.2.2351
更新日期:2006-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Atg13 is an essential subunit of the Atg1 autophagy initiation complex in yeast and its mammalian counterpart, ATG13, is indispensable for autophagy induction by the ULK1 complex. The N terminus of the protein folds into a HORMA domain, an architecture that has been revealed by crystallography. 1-4 In human cells, the...
journal_title:Autophagy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/15548627.2016.1277312
更新日期:2017-03-04 00:00:00
abstract::Recent evidence has indicated that the lysosome is able to act as a signaling organelle that senses nutrient availability and generates an adaptive response that is important for cellular homeostasis. We recently discovered another example of lysosomal signaling where lysosomal calcium release activates the master aut...
journal_title:Autophagy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/15548627.2015.1047130
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although several oncogenes enhance autophagic flux, the molecular mechanism and consequences of oncogene-induced autophagy remain to be clarified. We have recently shown that expression of oncogenic H-Ras (V12) promotes autophagy through upregulation of Beclin 1 and the BH3-only protein Noxa. H-Ras-expressing cells un...
journal_title:Autophagy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4161/auto.7.8.15821
更新日期:2011-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Regulation of intestinal epithelial turnover is a key component of villus maintenance in the intestine. The balance of cell turnover can be perturbed by various extrinsic factors including the cytokine TNF, a cell signaling protein that mediates both proliferative and cytotoxic outcomes. Under conditions of infection ...
journal_title:Autophagy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/15548627.2019.1596495
更新日期:2019-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Atg1/ULK1 complex plays a central role in starvation-induced autophagy, integrating signals from upstream sensors such as MTOR and AMPK and transducing them to the downstream autophagy pathway. Much progress has been made in the last few years in understanding the mechanisms by which the complex is regulated throu...
journal_title:Autophagy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.4161/auto.23323
更新日期:2013-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Macroautophagy/autophagy, a fundamental process for degradation of macromolecules and organelles, occurs constitutively at a basal level and is upregulated in response to stress. Whether autophagy regulates protein acetylation and microtubule stability in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) migration, however, remain...
journal_title:Autophagy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/15548627.2019.1707488
更新日期:2020-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Oxidative stress (OS) stimulates autophagy in different cellular systems, but it remains controversial if this rule can be generalized. We have analyzed the effect of chronic OS induced by the parkinsonian toxin paraquat (PQ) on autophagy in astrocytoma cells and primary astrocytes, which represent the first cellular ...
journal_title:Autophagy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/15548627.2015.1058683
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In a series of studies into the fate of endothelial cells exposed to non-enzymatically glycated collagen I, a model of cytotoxic molecules relevant to diabetic vasculopathy, we demonstrate that cells either undergo apoptosis or become prematurely senescent despite relatively spared telomeres and telomerase activity. O...
journal_title:Autophagy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4161/auto.5904
更新日期:2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Under stress conditions cells activate different response pathways which result in cell survival or apoptosis depending on: (1) the nature of the insults, (2) the type, if acute or chronic stress, and (3) how long the stress persists. Generally, autophagy is induced early to sustain cell survival and inhibit cell deat...
journal_title:Autophagy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4161/auto.20671
更新日期:2012-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The initiation of macroautophagy/autophagy is tightly regulated by the upstream ULK1 kinase complex, which affects many downstream factors including the PtdIns3K complex. The phosphorylation of the right position at the right time on downstream molecules is governed by proper complex formation. One component of the UL...
journal_title:Autophagy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/15548627.2018.1504716
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Macroautophagy/autophagy is an intracellular stress survival and recycling system whereas phagocytosis internalizes material from the extracellular milieu; yet, both pathways utilize lysosomes for cargo degradation. Whereas autophagy occurs in all cells, phagocytosis is performed by cell types such as macrophages and ...
journal_title:Autophagy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/15548627.2017.1380124
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ultraviolet (UV)-induced DNA damage is a major risk factor for skin cancers including melanoma. UVRAG, originally identified to complement UV sensitivity in xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), has since been implicated in modulating macroautophagy/autophagy, in coordinating different intracellular trafficking pathways, and in...
journal_title:Autophagy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/15548627.2016.1196319
更新日期:2016-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Autophagy is a catabolic process employed by eukaryotes to degrade and recycle intracellular components. When this pathway is induced by starvation conditions, part of the cytoplasm and organelles are sequestered into double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes, and delivered into the lysosome/vacuole for degradati...
journal_title:Autophagy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4161/auto.6657
更新日期:2008-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cargo-based assays have proven invaluable in the study of macroautophagy in yeast and mammalian cells. Proteomic analysis of autolysosomes identified the metabolic enzyme, betaine homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT), as a potential cargo-based, end-point marker for mammalian macroautophagy. To test whether degradati...
journal_title:Autophagy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4161/auto.5275
更新日期:2008-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::FTY720, a sphingosine analog, is a novel immunosuppressant currently undergoing multiple clinical trials for the prevention of organ transplant rejection and treatment of various autoimmune diseases. Recent studies indicate an additional cytotoxic effect of FTY720 and its preclinical efficacy in a variety of cancer mo...
journal_title:Autophagy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4161/auto.6.8.13614
更新日期:2010-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Macroautophagy/autophagy occurs at basal levels in all eukaryotic cells and plays an important role in maintaining bio-energetic homeostasis through the control of molecule degradation and organelle turnover. It can be induced by environmental conditions such as starvation, and is deregulated in many diseases includin...
journal_title:Autophagy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/15548627.2019.1630223
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in childhood. Despite intense multimodal therapy and many improvements through basic scientific and clinical research, the successful response of advanced-stage patients to chemotherapy remains poor. Autophagy is a cytoprotective mechanism that may help advance...
journal_title:Autophagy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4161/auto.26450
更新日期:2013-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Autophagy as a natural part of cellular homeostasis usually takes place unnoticed by neighboring cells. However, its co-occurrence with cell death may contribute to the clearance of these dying cells by recruited phagocytes. Autophagy associated with programmed cell death has recently been reported to be essential for...
journal_title:Autophagy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4161/auto.4731
更新日期:2007-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Drawing as a way of understanding things better/easier is in human nature, from textbook images through the models and graphical abstracts published in scientific papers to chalk talks during the academic job interview process. As a molecular cell biologist and geneticist, I always find it easier to show a microscopy ...
journal_title:Autophagy
pub_type: 评论,社论
doi:10.1080/15548627.2019.1659624
更新日期:2019-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ridding neurons of toxic misfolded proteins is a critical feature of many neurodegenerative diseases. We have recently reported that lack of access of nuclear polyglutamine-expanded androgen receptor (AR) to the autophagic degradation pathway is a critical point in pathogenesis. When mutant AR is contained within the ...
journal_title:Autophagy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4161/auto.5.8.9726
更新日期:2009-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The upregulation of autophagosome formation in response to nutrient deprivation requires significant intracellular membrane rearrangements that are poorly understood. Recent findings have implicated COPII-coated vesicles, well known as ER-Golgi cargo transport carriers, as key players in macroautophagy. The role of CO...
journal_title:Autophagy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/15548627.2017.1287657
更新日期:2017-05-04 00:00:00
abstract::The flank organ of the Syrian hamster, which shows a biodynamic response to androgen stimulation, is considered a good model for studying the androgen effect on sebaceous gland and hair. This organ is susceptible to programmed cell death (PCD), a prominent feature associated with sexual organ adjustment. We have recen...
journal_title:Autophagy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4161/auto.5.2.7619
更新日期:2009-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The elimination of tumor cells by apoptosis is the main mechanism of action of chemotherapeutic drugs used in current treatment protocols of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Despite the rapid cytoreduction achieved, serious acute and late complications are frequent, and resistance to chemotherapy develops. During t...
journal_title:Autophagy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.4161/auto.5.5.8507
更新日期:2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::BBC3 (BCL2 binding component 3) is a known apoptosis inducer; however, its role in microglial survival remains poorly understood. In addition to the classical transcription factor TRP53, Mir143 is involved in BBC3 expression at the post-transcriptional level. Here, we identify unique roles of Mir143-BBC3 in mediating ...
journal_title:Autophagy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1080/15548627.2016.1191723
更新日期:2016-09-01 00:00:00