Abstract:
:As a consequence of recent developments in molecular phylogenomics, all extant orders of placental mammals have been grouped into 3 lineages: Afrotheria, Xenarthra, and Boreotheria, which originated in Africa, South America, and Laurasia, respectively. Despite this advancement, the order of divergence of these 3 lineages remains unresolved. Here, we performed extensive retroposon analysis with mammalian genomic data. Surprisingly, we identified a similar number of informative retroposon loci that support each of 3 possible phylogenetic hypotheses: the basal position for Afrotheria (22 loci), Xenarthra (25 loci), and Boreotheria (21 loci). This result indicates that the divergence of the placental common ancestor into the 3 lineages occurred nearly simultaneously. Thus, we examined whether these molecular data could be integrated into the geological context by incorporating recent geological data. We obtained firm evidence that complete separation of Gondwana into Africa and South America occurred 120 +/- 10 Ma. Accordingly, the previous reported time frame (division of Pangea into Gondwana and Laurasia at 148-138 Ma and division of Gondwana at 105 Ma) cannot be used to validate mammalian divergence order. Instead, we use our retroposon results and the recent geological data to propose that near-simultaneous divisions of continents leading to isolated Africa, South America, and Laurasia caused nearly concomitant divergence of the ancient placental ancestor into 3 lineages, Afrotheria, Xenarthra, and Boreotheria, approximately 120 Ma.
journal_name
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S Aauthors
Nishihara H,Maruyama S,Okada Ndoi
10.1073/pnas.0809297106subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2009-03-31 00:00:00pages
5235-40issue
13eissn
0027-8424issn
1091-6490pii
0809297106journal_volume
106pub_type
杂志文章abstract::The lamB protein, the receptor for phage lambda, was purified from the outer membrane of Escherichia coli K-12 by extraction with Triton X-100 and EDTA, chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel in Triton X-100, exchange of Triton for cholate by gel filtration, and chromatography on Sephacryl S-200 in cholate, NaCl, and EDTA. T...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.77.1.167
更新日期:1980-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nitric oxide-releasing compounds were shown to activate an ADP-ribosyltransferase activity in the cytosol of Dictyostelium discoideum. The enzyme ADP-ribosylated a cytosolic protein of approximately 41 kDa, p41. Neither cGMP nor GTP and its analogues affected this ADP-ribosylation. p41 differs from other substrates AD...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.89.13.5902
更新日期:1992-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are serious genomic insults that can lead to chromosomal rearrangements if repaired incorrectly. To gain insight into the nuclear mechanisms contributing to these rearrangements, we developed an assay in yeast to measure cis (same site) vs. trans (different site) repair for the majority...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1818595116
更新日期:2019-05-07 00:00:00
abstract::Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotrophin with the ability to exert specific effects on cells of the immune system. Human monocytes/macrophages (M/M) infected in vitro with HIV type 1 (HIV-1) are able to produce substantial levels of NGF that are associated with enhanced expression of the high-affinity NGF receptor ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.96.24.14013
更新日期:1999-11-23 00:00:00
abstract::Urodeles and fetal mammals are capable of impressive epimorphic regeneration in a variety of tissues, whereas the typical default response to injury in adult mammals consists of inflammation and scar tissue formation. One component of epimorphic regeneration is the recruitment of resident progenitor and stem cells to ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0905851106
更新日期:2010-02-23 00:00:00
abstract::The replication initiator protein of plasmid R6K preferentially repressed transcription initiated in vitro from the promoter of the initiator protein cistron. DNase I protection experiments revealed that the sequences in the region of the promoter recognized by the initiator protein partially overlapped the sequences ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.82.9.2574
更新日期:1985-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Spontaneous cross-linking in vitro, during incubation of purified collagen in nonstriated and native type fibrils, was studied to elucidate the relationship between intra and intermolecular cross-links. In nonbanded fibrils, the aldol condensation products of two allysyl residues, previously shown to constitute the in...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.67.3.1307
更新日期:1970-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mammalian CLC proteins function as Cl(-) channels or as electrogenic Cl(-)/H(+) exchangers and are present in the plasma membrane and intracellular vesicles. We now show that the ClC-6 protein is almost exclusively expressed in neurons of the central and peripheral nervous systems, with a particularly high expression ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0606137103
更新日期:2006-09-12 00:00:00
abstract::Although adaptor ADAP (FYB) and its binding to SLP-76 has been implicated in TcR-induced "inside-out" signaling for LFA-1 activation in T cells, little is known regarding its role in LFA-1-mediated "outside-in" signaling. In this study, we demonstrate that ADAP and SLP-76-ADAP binding are coupled to LFA-1 costimulatio...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0900510106
更新日期:2009-07-28 00:00:00
abstract::To prevent the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), some types of public spaces have been shut down while others remain open. These decisions constitute a judgment about the relative danger and benefits of those locations. Using mobility data from a large sample of smartphones, nationally representative cons...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.2008025117
更新日期:2020-06-30 00:00:00
abstract::Selective culling in populations of most organisms is rank-order: individuals of low rank on a scale of potential fitnesses tend to be eliminated during early development, whereas surviving adults (whose number reflects the carrying capacity of the environment) are generally drawn from the distribution's upper end. Ha...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.86.6.2117
更新日期:1989-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Previously we reported that proteasome inhibitors were able to overcome Bcl-2-mediated protection from apoptosis. Here we show that inhibition of the proteasome activity in Bcl-2-overexpressing cells accumulates the proapoptotic Bax protein to mitochondria/cytoplasm, where it interacts to Bcl-2 protein. This event was...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.070047997
更新日期:2000-04-11 00:00:00
abstract::In an effort to understand the factors that influence protein glycosylation, we are studying the expression of the chicken ovalbumin gene in a heterologous cell. Ovalbumin synthesized in mouse L-353 cells is glycosylated, as judged by incorporation of [3H]mannose and susceptibility to endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.83.7.1993
更新日期:1986-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Innate immunity is the primary and most ancient defense against infection. Although critical to survival, coordinating protection against a foreign organism is energetically costly, creating the need to reallocate substrates from nonessential functions, such as growth and nutrient storage. However, the mechanism by wh...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0906749106
更新日期:2009-12-08 00:00:00
abstract::Encoding activity in the medial temporal lobe, presumably evoked by the presentation of stimuli (postonset activity), is known to predict subsequent memory. However, several independent lines of research suggest that preonset activity also affects subsequent memory. We investigated the role of preonset and postonset s...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.2001338117
更新日期:2020-06-16 00:00:00
abstract::Chinese hamster-human somatic cell hybrids were analyzed for the expression of human galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT; UDPglucose:alpha-D-galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.12) by electrophoresis and for the presence of human chromosomes cytogenetically with the aid of Q-banding. Three of t...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.74.12.5628
更新日期:1977-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ras is a guanine nucleotide-binding protein that cycles between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound states to regulate a diverse array of cellular processes, including cell growth, apoptosis, and differentiation. The guanine nucleotide-bound state of Ras is tightly maintained by regulatory factors to promote regul...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1037299100
更新日期:2003-05-27 00:00:00
abstract::Antigen receptor variable region exons are assembled during lymphocyte development from variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) gene segments. Each germ-line gene segment is flanked by recombination signal sequences (RSs). Recombination-activating gene endonuclease initiates V(D)J recombination by cleaving a pair...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1019293108
更新日期:2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pancreatic and gastrointestinal D cells were examined by immunocytochemistry using antisera against somatostatin-28 (SS28) and its NH2-terminal fragment SS28-(1-12), followed by the staphylococcal protein A-gold (pAg) complex. In pancreatic and gastric D cells incubated with antiserum against SS28-(1-12) the gold part...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.80.1.215
更新日期:1983-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A general approach to high-throughput screening of enantiomeric excess (ee) and concentration was developed by using indicator displacement assays (IDAs), and the protocol was then applied to the vicinal diol hydrobenzoin. The method involves the sequential utilization of what we define herein as screening, training, ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0809530106
更新日期:2009-06-30 00:00:00
abstract::In this paper, Vafa's approach to the formulation of conformal field theories is combined with the formal calculus developed in Frenkel, Lepowsky, and Meurman's work on the vertex operator construction of the Monster to give a geometric definition of vertex operator algebras. The main result announced is the equivalen...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.88.22.9964
更新日期:1991-11-15 00:00:00
abstract::Viral genome packaging into capsids is powered by high-force-generating motor proteins. In the presence of all packaging components, ATP-powered translocation in vitro expels all detectable tightly bound YOYO-1 dye from packaged short dsDNA substrates and removes all aminoacridine dye from packaged genomic DNA in vivo...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1214318109
更新日期:2012-12-11 00:00:00
abstract::Recombinant, replication-competent rabies virus (RV) vaccine strain-based vectors were developed expressing HIV type I (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (gp160) from both a laboratory-adapted (CXCR4-tropic) and a primary (dual-tropic) HIV-1 isolate. An additional transcription stop/start unit within the RV genome was used...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.050589197
更新日期:2000-03-28 00:00:00
abstract::Five peptides corresponding to amino acid sequences predicted from all three reading frames of the nucleotide sequence of the third internal repeat array (IR3) of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome were synthesized chemically. All five peptides elicited antipeptide antibodies in rabbits. The antiserum raised against ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.81.15.4652
更新日期:1984-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have isolated a protein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae that binds specifically to a nucleotide sequence associated with the autonomously replicating sequence (ARS) ARS120, located in the telomeric region of a yeast chromosome. "Footprinting" analysis revealed that a 26-base-pair DNA sequence, 5'-CAAGTGCCGTGCATAATGAT...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.85.3.743
更新日期:1988-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The major histocompatibility complex class-I (MHC-I) peptide-loading complex (PLC) is a cornerstone of the human adaptive immune system, being responsible for processing antigens that allow killer T cells to distinguish between healthy and compromised cells. Based on a recent low-resolution cryo-electron microscopy (c...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.2004445117
更新日期:2020-08-25 00:00:00
abstract::Although aquaporin 5 (AQP5) is the major water channel expressed in alveolar type I cells in the lung, its actual role in the lung is a matter of considerable speculation. By using immunohistochemical staining, we show that AQP5 expression in mouse lung is not restricted to type I cells, but is also detected in alveol...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.231273398
更新日期:2001-11-20 00:00:00
abstract::Incubation of O6-[3H]ethylguanine-containing DNA with a rat liver chromatin fraction resulted in a decrease in the O6-ethylguanine content of the DNA. Analysis of the products of this reaction showed that the ethyl group had been transferred from the O6-ethylguanine to a protein acceptor. When the incubation mixture w...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.78.11.6766
更新日期:1981-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The accuracy of dynamical models for reactive scattering of molecular hydrogen, H(2), from metal surfaces is relevant to the validation of first principles electronic structure methods for molecules interacting with metal surfaces. The ability to validate such methods is important to progress in modeling heterogeneous...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1001098107
更新日期:2010-12-07 00:00:00
abstract::Adult rats were trained to detect the occurrence of a two-element sound sequence in a background of nine other nontarget sound pairs. Training resulted in a modest, enduring, static expansion of the cortical areas of representation of both target stimulus sounds. More importantly, once the initial stimulus A in the ta...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1009433107
更新日期:2010-08-17 00:00:00