The paradox of preference for unreliable reinforcement: The role of context and conditioned reinforcement.

abstract：:The effects of a graduated prompting treatment procedure were analyzed in three phases of an experiment on the training and generalization of reaching-grasp responding in 2- to 4-year-old blind, severely or profoundly retarded children. In Phase 1, we used a multiple-baseline across-subjects design to investigate the ...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Correa VI,Poulson CL,Salzberg CL

更新日期：1984-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Language training procedures, which involved positive reinforcement for verbal imitation, were applied to increase the appropriate verbal behavior of an almost non-verbal, brain damaged, 5-yr-old boy. Two experiments assessed the effectiveness of timeout from positive reinforcement as a training procedure viewed as ha...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： McReynolds LV

更新日期：1969-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This study compared the copy, cover, and compare method to a picture-word matching method for teaching sight word recognition. Participants were 5 kindergarten students with less than preprimer sight word vocabularies who were enrolled in a public school in the Pacific Northwest. A multielement design was used to eval...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Conley CM,Derby KM,Roberts-Gwinn M,Weber KP,McLaughlin TE

更新日期：2004-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Two young boys with autism who used the picture exchange communication system were taught to solve problems (improvise) by using descriptors (functions, colors, and shapes) to request desired items for which specific pictures were unavailable. The results of a multiple baseline across descriptors showed that training ...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Marckel JM,Neef NA,Ferreri SJ

更新日期：2006-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Delayed prompting can produce errorless discrimination learning. There is inherent in the procedure a disparity in reinforcement density which favors unprompted over prompted responses. We used three schedules of reinforcement to investigate the impact of reinforcement probability on transfer of stimulus control. One ...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Touchette PE,Howard JS

更新日期：1984-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Despite its advantages, discrete-trial instruction (DTI) has been criticized for producing rote responding. Although there is little research supporting this claim, if true, this may be problematic given the propensity of children with autism to engage in restricted and repetitive behavior. One feature that is common ...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Peterson SP,Rodriguez NM,Pawich TL

更新日期：2019-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We conducted two experiments examining the effects of a self-evaluation package on the peer interactions of students described as emotionally or behaviorally disordered. Experiment 1 assessed the additive effects of various components of a self-evaluation package on the frequency of inappropriate and appropriate peer ...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Kern L,Wacker DP,Mace FC,Falk GD,Dunlap G,Kromrey JD

更新日期：1995-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The effectiveness of a 5-s constant time-delay procedure to teach three chained food preparation behaviors to four moderately retarded adolescent students was evaluated within a multiple probe design across behaviors. Results indicate that the procedure was effective in teaching all four students to make a sandwich, b...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Schuster JW,Gast DL,Wolery M,Guiltinan S

更新日期：1988-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The effects of 2 forms of response interruption and redirection (RIRD)-motor RIRD and vocal RIRD-were examined with 4 boys with autism to evaluate further the effects of this intervention and its potential underlying mechanisms. In Experiment 1, the effects of motor RIRD and vocal RIRD on vocal stereotypy and appropri...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Ahrens EN,Lerman DC,Kodak T,Worsdell AS,Keegan C

更新日期：2011-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The frequency of social initiations and satisfaction with interactions in three dyads, each consisting of 1 student with disabilities and 1 nondisabled peer, were assessed under two alternating conditions: Condition 1 assessed the interactions around a set of four trained computer games, and Condition 2 assessed inter...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Breen CG,Haring TG

更新日期：1991-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) has a long history as a behavioral treatment. The term has usually been defined in a manner that suggests one form of behavior (usually some appropriate alternative) is reinforced, while another form of behavior (usually problem behavior) is placed on extinction...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Vollmer TR,Peters KP,Kronfli FR,Lloveras LA,Ibañez VF

更新日期：2020-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We conducted four experiments using an alternating treatments design to assess the influence of several variables on children's acquisition of number facts during one-on-one flash card instruction. In Experiment 1, we manipulated the order of stimulus presentation; in most cases a higher percentage of correct response...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Houten RV,Rolider A

更新日期：1989-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This study investigated the relation between prevocational preference, as measured by the client's selection of a task object, and the work that followed that choice. After selecting a task object, the clients worked a task previously assessed to be more or less preferred than the one indicated by the object. The resu...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Mithaug DE,Mar DK

更新日期：1980-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We examined the accuracy of 24 staff members' predictions of activities preferred by 14 individuals with severe disabilities. For each of 144 activities, staff members assigned a client preference rating of "likes a lot," "likes," or "dislikes." Two activities from each category were randomly selected for each individ...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Newton JS,Ard WR Jr,Horner RH

更新日期：1993-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The Good Behavior Game (GBG) is a well-documented group contingency designed to reduce disruptive behavior in classroom settings. However, few studies have evaluated the GBG with students who engage in severe problem behavior in alternative schools, and there are few demonstrations of training teachers in those settin...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Joslyn PR,Vollmer TR

更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We compared the effects of a high-probability (high-p) instruction sequence and a fixed-time (FT) schedule of reinforcement on the compliance of 2 typically developing children. A multielement experimental design with a reversal component was implemented according to a multiple baseline across participants arrangement...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Bullock C,Normand MP

更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Previous recommendations to employ occurrence, nonoccurrence, and overall estimates of interobserver reliability for interval data are reviewed. A rationale for comparing obtained reliability to reliability that would result from a random-chance model is explained. Formulae and graphic functions are presented to allow...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Hopkins BL,Hermann JA

更新日期：1977-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A multi-element baseline design combined with a multiple-baseline design, was used to investigate the effect of availability of materials, prizes for participation, and instruction on the leisure behavior of 14 mentally retarded women in a half-way house. A leisure program was conducted on weekday evenings, during whi...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Johnson MS,Bailey JS

更新日期：1977-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A retarded child was taught to imitate diverse demonstrations made by an experimenter, until new demonstrations were imitated correctly upon first presentation without direct training. These imitations could be maintained without reinforcement, when they were distributed among other reinforced imitations. Factors resp...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Peterson RF

更新日期：1968-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The functional control of problem behavior is generally conceptualized as involving attention, escape, sensory reinforcement, and tangible factors. Our analytic tools have now reached a level of sophistication that makes possible consideration of several new, emerging themes in the area of functional analysis. First, ...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Carr EG

更新日期：1994-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent research indicates that when analyzing graphically presented single-subject data, subjects trained in visual inference appear to attend to large changes between phases regardless of relative variation and do not differentiate among common intervention effect patterns. In this follow-up study, experts in applied...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Furlong MJ,Wampold BE

更新日期：1982-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Functional analyses produced inconclusive results regarding variables that maintained problem behavior for 2 students with developmental disabilities. Procedures were modified to include a contingent physical restraint condition based on in-class observations. Results indicated that tinder conditions in which physical...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Magee SK,Ellis J

更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Self-injurious behavior (SIB) can be maintained through negative reinforcement when, in the context of training or task requirements, it produces escape as a consequence. Several studies have demonstrated methods for identifying and treating SIB maintained by negative reinforcement; however, few analyses of the establ...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Smith RG

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:An ABAB design was used to assess the effects of a tactile prompting device (i.e., a vibrating pager) as a prompt for the social initiations of 3 children with autism during free-play activities with typically developing peers. Results indicated that the tactile prompt was effective in increasing verbal initiations fo...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Shabani DB,Katz RC,Wilder DA,Beauchamp K,Taylor CR,Fischer KJ

更新日期：2002-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Stimulus control technology was applied to the instruction of fraction ratio (e.g., (1/5)) and decimal (e.g., 0.20) relations, with 7 students who demonstrated difficulty in fraction and decimal tasks. The students were trained to match pictorial representations of fractions (B comparison stimuli) to printed counterpa...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Lynch DC,Cuvo AJ

更新日期：1995-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A self-evaluation program was implemented with a kindergarten-aged boy in the home to increase compliance with parent instructions and decrease inappropriate verbal behavior. The self-evaluation package included the child's assessing the appropriateness of his behavior in 5-min intervals, receiving chips for positive ...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： O'Brien TP,Riner LS,Budd KS

更新日期：1983-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We examined mentally retarded individuals' use of picture cues and self-monitoring to initiate a series of tasks of varying type and order. Four severely to moderately retarded high school students participating in a vocational training program were trained to use a picture-cue system. The system consisted of photogra...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Sowers J,Verdi M,Bourbeau P,Sheehan M

更新日期：1985-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The current study replicated the positive effects of performance feedback on treatment integrity and extended previous work by examining reactivity using a multiple baseline design with alternating treatments for observer-present and observer-absent conditions on teachers' implementation of a classwide behavior plan. ...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Codding RS,Livanis A,Pace GM,Vaca L

更新日期：2008-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We assessed the effects of individually defined small, medium, and large periods of presession access to edible and nonedible reinforcers on response rates during sessions in which responding produced access to identical reinforcers. Any presession access to an edible reinforcer decreased response rates for 1 particip...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Sy JR,Borrero JC

更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The prevalence of obesity continues to increase in the United States (Gordon-Larsen, The, & Adair, 2010). Obesity can be attributed, in part, to overconsumption of energy-dense foods. Given that overeating plays a role in the development of obesity, interventions that teach individuals to identify and consume appropri...

journal_title：Journal of applied behavior analysis

authors： Hausman NL,Borrero JC,Fisher A,Kahng S

更新日期：2014-10-01 00:00:00