Abstract:
:Twenty-four hours after rats receive choline chloride (20 mmol/kg, by stomach tube) the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase [tyrosine 3-monooxygenase; L-tyrosine, tetrahydropteridine:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating), EC 1.14.16.2] increases by 31% within adrenomedullary chromaffin cells. This treatment also causes major elevations in the levels of choline and acetylcholine within the adrenal gland; however, acetylcholine levels return to normal by 16 hr after the choline is given. The daily administration of 10 or 20 mmol/kg of choline for 4 days elevates adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase activity by 29% or 51%, respectively. Such increases in tyrosine hydroxylase activity are not observed in animals given ammonium chloride, another basic chloride-containing compound, by stomach tube or in animals treated with cycloheximide, an inhibitor of adrenal protein synthesis. They are also absent in denervated adrenals. These observations demonstrate that the increase in presynaptic acetylcholine levels produced by giving animals the neurotransmitter's precursor (choline) can be associated with parallel changes in the transmission of signals across cholinergic synapses, probably because more of the transmitter is released per nerve impulse.
journal_name
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S Aauthors
Ulus IH,Hirsch MJ,Wurtman RJdoi
10.1073/pnas.74.2.798keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1977-02-01 00:00:00pages
798-800issue
2eissn
0027-8424issn
1091-6490journal_volume
74pub_type
杂志文章abstract::The use of matching variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) profiles to link suspects with crimes is potentially very powerful, but it has been quite controversial. Initial debate over laboratory procedures has largely given way to debate over the statistical and population genetic issues involved in calculating the f...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1073/pnas.89.24.11654
更新日期:1992-12-15 00:00:00
abstract::The Y73 strain of avian sarcoma virus recently isolated in Japan is defective in replication and is associated with subgroup A leukosis virus (YAV). The virus caused sarcoma but not acute leukosis when inoculated into chickens. Studies on the viral RNA showed that a 26S RNA, etimated to be 4.8 kilobases long, was Y73 ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.77.10.6199
更新日期:1980-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The C terminus of transcription factor NusA from Escherichia coli comprises two repeat units, which bind during antitermination to protein N from phage lambda. To delineate the structural basis of the NusA-lambdaN interaction, we attempted to crystallize the NusA C-terminal repeats in complex with a lambdaN peptide (r...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0405883101
更新日期:2004-09-21 00:00:00
abstract::Activation of JAK2 by chromosomal translocation or point mutation is a recurrent event in hematopoietic malignancies, including acute leukemias and myeloproliferative disorders. Although the effects of activated JAK2 signaling have been examined in cell lines and murine models, the functional consequences of deregulat...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0604902103
更新日期:2006-11-07 00:00:00
abstract::Protein stability is usually studied in simple buffered solutions, but most proteins function inside cells, where the heterogeneous and crowded environment presents a complex, nonideal system. Proteins are expected to behave differently under cellular crowding owing to two types of contacts: hard-core repulsions and w...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1312678110
更新日期:2013-11-26 00:00:00
abstract::Production of mature erythrocytes requires multiple growth factors, but we do not know how their actions are coordinated. Here we show that erythroid progenitors from erythropoietin receptor (Epo-R)-/- fetal livers, infected in vitro with a retrovirus expressing the wild-type Epo-R, require addition of both Epo and st...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.94.5.1806
更新日期:1997-03-04 00:00:00
abstract::The Escherichia coli galactokinase gene (galK) was inserted into a modified early region transcription unit of simian virus 40 (SV40) contained on a bacterial plasmid. Introduction of this pSVK vector into monkey, mouse, and hamster cell lines by transfection resulted in efficient expression of the bacterial galK gene...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.79.2.257
更新日期:1982-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Online education is rapidly expanding in response to rising demand for higher and continuing education, but many online students struggle to achieve their educational goals. Several behavioral science interventions have shown promise in raising student persistence and completion rates in a handful of courses, but evid...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1921417117
更新日期:2020-06-30 00:00:00
abstract::Most natural populations are affected by seasonal changes in temperature, rainfall, or resource availability. Seasonally fluctuating selection could potentially make a large contribution to maintaining genetic polymorphism in populations. However, previous theory suggests that the conditions for multilocus polymorphis...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1702994114
更新日期:2017-11-14 00:00:00
abstract::The roles of glycosylation and protein synthesis in the maintenance of insulin receptor levels and turnover rates in 3T3-L1 adipocytes were investigated. The heavy isotope density-shift technique was employed to determine the effects of inhibitors of these processes on the rates of synthesis and degradation of cellula...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.78.5.2908
更新日期:1981-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::I have determined the nucleotide sequence of the ampicillin resistance gene of pBR322, an Escherichia coli plasmid that encodes a penicillin beta-lactamase. This gene codes for a protein of 286 amino acid residues. The first 23 amino acids presumably form a signal for secretion, because they do not appear in the matur...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.75.8.3737
更新日期:1978-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effects of UV irradiation on the incorporation of [3H]uridine in HeLa (human) cell mRNA, rRNA, heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) and early mRNA from adenovirus type 2 have been compared. The UV target size of cell mRNA is at least 3 times larger than the average size of the mRNA itself and larger than the adenovir...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.74.10.4520
更新日期:1977-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Normal myeloid precursors and MGI(+)D(+) myeloid leukemic cells can be induced to differentiate to mature cells by the normal protein inducer MGI. The sequence of differentiation is the induction of C3 and Fc rosettes, C3 and Fc immune phagocytosis (IP), synthesis and secretion of lysozyme, and formation of mature mac...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.74.12.5554
更新日期:1977-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::We report two instances of selective accumulation of herpes simplex 1 RNA transcripts in different compartments of infected HEp-2 cells. In the first, transcripts derived from about 50% of the viral DNA accumulated in the nuclei of cells 8 hr after infection. However, only 40-42% of the DNA was represented in transcri...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.71.11.4322
更新日期:1974-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Overexpression of membrane proteins in Escherichia coli frequently leads to the formation of aggregates or inclusion bodies, which is undesirable for most studies. Ideally, one would like to optimize the expression conditions by monitoring simultaneously and rapidly both the amounts of properly folded and aggregated m...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0802190105
更新日期:2008-04-15 00:00:00
abstract::Highly purified globin mRNA from ducks was copied with RNA-directed DNA polymerase from avian myeloblastosis virus into anti-messenger DNA. With excess RNA, more than 90% of this DNA annealed back to its template with a C(o)t/2 value of 7.5 x 10(-4) mol.sec. liter(-1); the melting temperature of the hybrid was 86 degr...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.70.4.1122
更新日期:1973-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The complement system is highly efficient in targeting pathogens, but lack of its apposite regulation results in host-cell damage, which is linked to diseases. Thus, complement activation is tightly regulated by a series of proteins, which primarily belong to the regulators of complement activation (RCA) family. Struc...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1818573116
更新日期:2019-05-14 00:00:00
abstract::Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal, genetic, neurological disorder resulting from a trinucleotide repeat expansion in the gene that encodes for the protein huntingtin. These excessive repeats confer a toxic gain of function on huntingtin, which leads to the degeneration of striatal and cortical neurons and a devasta...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0508875103
更新日期:2006-06-13 00:00:00
abstract::Cointegrate DNA molecules containing two copies of a transposable element appear to be intermediates in the transposition process. These structures are resolved by site-specific recombination to yield the normal end products of transposition. The transposable element gamma delta (Tn1000) synthesizes a product intercha...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.79.1.46
更新日期:1982-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The plant hormone indole-acetic acid (auxin) is essential for many aspects of plant development. Auxin-mediated growth regulation typically involves the establishment of an auxin concentration gradient mediated by polarly localized auxin transporters. The localization of auxin carriers and their amount at the plasma m...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1309057110
更新日期:2013-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::A pentapeptide open reading frame equipped with a canonical ribosome-binding site is present in the Escherichia coli 23S rRNA. Overexpression of 23S rRNA fragments containing the mini-gene renders cells resistant to the ribosome-inhibiting antibiotic erythromycin. Mutations that change either the initiator or stop cod...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.93.11.5641
更新日期:1996-05-28 00:00:00
abstract::p-Coumaric acid is the precursor of phenylpropanoids, which are plant secondary metabolites that are beneficial to human health. Tyrosine ammonia lyase catalyzes the production of p-coumaric acid from tyrosine. Because of their photosynthetic ability and biosynthetic versatility, cyanobacteria are promising candidates...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1323725111
更新日期:2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Protein-protein and protein-ligand interactions are ubiquitous in a biological cell. Here, we report a comprehensive study of the distribution of protein-ligand interaction sites, namely ligand-binding pockets, around protein-protein interfaces where protein-protein interactions occur. We inspected a representative se...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1117768109
更新日期:2012-03-06 00:00:00
abstract::The ability of antibodies binding the influenza hemagglutinin (HA) protein to neutralize viral infectivity is of key importance in the design of next-generation vaccines and for prophylactic and therapeutic use. The two antibodies CR6261 and CR8020 have recently been shown to efficiently neutralize influenza A infecti...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1411755111
更新日期:2014-12-02 00:00:00
abstract::This paper is about an algorithm, FlexTree, for general supervised learning. It extends the binary tree-structured approach (Classification and Regression Trees, CART) although it differs greatly in its selection and combination of predictors. It is particularly applicable to assessing interactions: gene by gene and g...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0403794101
更新日期:2004-07-20 00:00:00
abstract::Cell-surface labeling with fluorescamine indicates that the fluorescence of Balb 3T3 A31 cells in considerably decreased after both viral and chemical transformation. This phenomenon, coupled with the technique of flow microfluorometry, enabled nontransformed and transformed cells to be distinguished. A second fluroes...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.74.4.1626
更新日期:1977-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) of Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) is mainly localized and functions in the nucleus of latently infected cells, playing a pivotal role in the replication and maintenance of latent viral episomal DNA. In addition, N-terminally truncated cytoplasmic isoforms of LANA, resul...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1516812113
更新日期:2016-02-23 00:00:00
abstract::Deficiency in PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10) is the underlying cause of PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome and a wide variety of human cancers. In skin epidermis, we have previously identified an autocrine FGF signaling induced by loss of Pten in keratinocytes. In this study, we demonstrate ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1604450113
更新日期:2016-11-15 00:00:00
abstract::Stearoyl-acyl-carrier-protein-desaturase-mediated conversion of stearic acid (18:0) to oleic acid (18:1) is a key step, which regulates levels of unsaturated fatty acids in cells. We previously showed that stearoyl-acyl-carrier-protein-desaturase mutants ssi2/fab2 carrying a loss-of-function mutation in the plastidial...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0401315101
更新日期:2004-04-06 00:00:00
abstract::The pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS; EC 4.4.1.14), catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the ethylene biosynthetic pathway in plants. The Arabidopsis genome encodes nine ACS polypeptides that form eight functional (ACS2, ACS4-9, ACS11) and one nonfunctional (ACS1) ho...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0308515101
更新日期:2004-02-24 00:00:00