Abstract：
:For the last decade, classification schemes worldwide have recognised that certain chemicals may need to be categorised as skin or respiratory sensitisers. Although differing in detail, the schemes use similar criteria for designating materials as sensitisers, based on either direct evidence from exposed humans or the results of predictive guinea pig tests. In the case of respiratory sensitisation, however, there are currently no acceptable animal test methods. With an increasing understanding of cellular immunology in general, and of immune responses in skin and respiratory sensitisation in particular, several laboratories have recently been developing more objective, immunologically-based tests. For skin sensitisation, the two most promising methods are the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) and the mouse ear swelling test (MEST). Both assays have undergone inter-laboratory validation and it has been shown that they are able to detect reliably moderate to strong sensitisers. The 1992 update of the OECD test guideline for skin sensitisation suggests the use of the LLNA or MEST as a first stage of testing; if a positive result is seen in either assay, a chemical may then be designated (and classified) as a potential sensitiser and it may not be necessary to conduct a guinea pig test. However, if a negative result is obtained, a guinea pig test must be performed. For respiratory sensitisation, although certain guinea pig models of asthma appear to be predictive of the known human response to sensitisers such as diisocyanates and acid anhydrides, the measurement of changes in serum IgE antibodies in mice treated topically with chemicals may represent a simpler and more accurate method of designating chemicals as respiratory sensitisers.
journal_name
Toxicol Lettjournal_title
Toxicology lettersauthors
Botham PAdoi
10.1016/0378-4274(92)90186-nkeywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1992-12-01 00:00:00pages
165-71eissn
0378-4274issn
1879-3169pii
0378-4274(92)90186-Njournal_volume
64-65 Spec Nopub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Hydrochlorofluorocarbon 1,1-dichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane (HCFC-123), a close structural analogue of the hepatotoxic anaesthetic halotane and a replacement for some ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons, is metabolized by liver cytochrome P450 (P450), both in vitro and in vivo. P450 activates HCFC-123, both oxidatively...
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pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2003-09-15 00:00:00
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journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：1990-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：1989-12-01 00:00:00
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更新日期：2015-09-17 00:00:00
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更新日期：2011-05-30 00:00:00
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更新日期：2013-05-23 00:00:00
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journal_title：Toxicology letters
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更新日期：2017-06-05 00:00:00
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更新日期：1994-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2000-03-15 00:00:00
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journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.11.004
更新日期：2017-01-04 00:00:00
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journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(90)90033-i
更新日期：1990-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.09.009
更新日期：2012-11-15 00:00:00
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journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2006.12.003
更新日期：2007-02-28 00:00:00
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journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.12.002
更新日期：2006-07-01 00:00:00
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pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2006-04-10 00:00:00
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journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
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journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.03.018
更新日期：2004-08-01 00:00:00
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pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(96)03767-8
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journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2012-07-07 00:00:00
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pub_type： 杂志文章
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journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.11.019
更新日期：2011-02-25 00:00:00
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pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：1984-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(87)90042-7
更新日期：1987-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2009-08-10 00:00:00
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journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.08.080
更新日期：2017-10-05 00:00:00
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journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0378-4274(98)00279-3
更新日期：1998-12-28 00:00:00
abstract：:A major public health concern is the degree to which environmental or occupational exposures to exogenous chemicals result in adverse health effects. Biological markers have the potential for helping to answer this important question by providing links between markers of exposures and markers of early stages of the de...
journal_title：Toxicology letters
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0378-4274(95)03569-9
更新日期：1995-12-01 00:00:00
