Cholesterol, coronary heart disease, and stroke in the Asia Pacific region.

abstract：:This paper provides a brief overview to four major types of causal models for health-sciences research: Graphical models (causal diagrams), potential-outcome (counterfactual) models, sufficient-component cause models, and structural-equations models. The paper focuses on the logical connections among the different typ...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Greenland S,Brumback B

更新日期：2002-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Retrospective and prospective demographic and health data collected on the population of Mlomp (6352 people in 1985), a rural area of Senegal, show that the probability of dying before the age of 5 years declined from 350 to 81 deaths per hundred livebirths in the last 25 years. This decline is greater and faster than...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Pison G,Trape JF,Lefebvre M,Enel C

更新日期：1993-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:To examine whether induced abortion increases the risk of low birthweight in subsequent singleton live births. METHODS:Cohort study using the Danish Medical Birth Registry (MBR), the Hospital Discharge Registry (HDR), and the Induced Abortion Registry (IAR). All women who had their first pregnancy during 19...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Zhou W,Sørensen HT,Olsen J

更新日期：2000-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：AIM AND METHODS:To discuss evidence for and against genetic 'causes' of type 2 diabetes, illustrated by standardized study of glucose intolerance and high blood pressure in four representative African origin populations. Comparison of two genetically closer sites: rural (site 1) and urban Cameroon (2); then Jamaica (3)...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Cruickshank JK,Mbanya JC,Wilks R,Balkau B,McFarlane-Anderson N,Forrester T

更新日期：2001-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Three recent studies have reported a decreased risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) for high ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure. METHODS:We conducted a multicentre case-control study during 1998-2004 in France, Germany, Ireland, Italy and Spain, comprising 1518 cases of NHL, 268 cases of Hodgkin lymphoma, 24...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Boffetta P,van der Hel O,Kricker A,Nieters A,de Sanjosé S,Maynadié M,Cocco PL,Staines A,Becker N,Font R,Mannetje A',Goumas C,Brennan P

更新日期：2008-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Child mortality estimates in Beirut are presented for the late 1970s and the mid 1980s, and changes in socio-religious differentials of mortality across time are investigated. METHODS:Baseline information was obtained from maternity registries in Beirut in 1984 and 1991. Age of mother, number of children ev...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Deeb M,Khlat M,Courbage Y

更新日期：1997-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:In 2009, there were 8273 local screening laboratories, 254 confirmatory laboratories, 35 provincial confirmatory central laboratories and 1 National AIDS Reference Laboratory (NARL) in China. These laboratories were located in Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) facilities, hospitals, blood donat...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Jiang Y,Qiu M,Zhang G,Xing W,Xiao Y,Pan P,Yao J,Ou CY,Su X

更新日期：2010-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:The excess risk of fatal and non-fatal cerebrovascular disease in people from low socioeconomic positions is only partially explained by conventional cerebrovascular risk factors. This has led to the suggestion that poor psychosocial work environments provide important additional explanatory power. However, ...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Kivimäki M,Gimeno D,Ferrie JE,Batty GD,Oksanen T,Jokela M,Virtanen M,Salo P,Akbaraly TN,Elovainio M,Pentti J,Vahtera J

更新日期：2009-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Hand dominance and spinal posture were studied for their prediction of the development of thoracic hyperkyphosis during the pubertal growth spurt. METHODS:The cohort consisted of all the fourth-grade school children of the Western School District of Helsinki, Finland, in the spring of 1986. They were examin...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Nissinen M,Heliövaara M,Seitsamo J,Poussa M

更新日期：1995-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGFbeta1) is a multifunctional signalling molecule with a wide array of roles. Animal experiments suggest that TGFbeta1 plays a biphasic role in carcinogenesis by protecting against the early formation of benign epithelial growths, but promoting malignant transformation of t...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Sparks R,Bigler J,Sibert JG,Potter JD,Yasui Y,Ulrich CM

更新日期：2004-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Data from several studies indicate that children of mothers who smoked during pregnancy may be at a risk of overweight compared with children of non-smoking mothers. The size of this relation, however, is unclear, as is the age at which it becomes detectable. METHODS:Prospective data for 34 866 children enr...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Chen A,Pennell ML,Klebanoff MA,Rogan WJ,Longnecker MP

更新日期：2006-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A multidisciplinary approach to research has been one of the hallmarks of Walter Holland's outstanding career in medical research. Studies arising from evaluation of the Cancer Research Campaign's health education programme for the early detection of cutaneous malignant melanoma were reviewed at Walter's Festschrift b...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Melia J

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:A growing body of evidence supports the role of type 2 diabetes as an individual-level risk factor for tuberculosis (TB), though evidence from developing countries with the highest TB burdens is lacking. In developing countries, TB is most common among the poor, in whom diabetes may be less common. We assess...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Goldhaber-Fiebert JD,Jeon CY,Cohen T,Murray MB

更新日期：2011-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Many European countries have in recent decades reported growing socioeconomic differentials in mortality. While these trends have usually paralleled high unemployment and increasing income disparities, Sweden had low unemployment and narrowing income differences. This study describes trends, 1961-1990, in to...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Diderichsen F,Hallqvist J

更新日期：1997-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Associations between soy, dairy intakes and breast cancer risk are inconsistent. No studies exist with large numbers of dairy consumers and soy consumers to assess mutual confounding. METHODS:The study cohort contains 52 795 North American women, initially free of cancer, followed for 7.9 years (29.7% were ...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Fraser GE,Jaceldo-Siegl K,Orlich M,Mashchak A,Sirirat R,Knutsen S

更新日期：2020-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Few data on birthweight distributions are available for Zimbabwe. This paper reports a study of 2140 births in Harare, Zimbabwe, occurring in April 1986. Births took place in public facilities, which are estimated to serve 85% of the urban population. Mean birthweight for the entire sample is 2970 g, and for singleton...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Dole N,Gleiter K,Savitz DA,Chimbira TH,Mbizvo MT

更新日期：1990-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Exercise can suppress androgen production and may thus decrease the risk of prostate cancer. However, findings from epidemiological studies assessing physical activity and risk of prostate cancer are inconsistent. METHODS:We prospectively examined the association between physical activity and prostate cance...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Liu S,Lee IM,Linson P,Ajani U,Buring JE,Hennekens CH

更新日期：2000-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：Background:Infectious disease interventions are increasingly tested using cluster-randomized trials (CRTs). These trial settings tend to involve a set of sampling units, such as villages, whose geographic arrangement may present a contamination risk in treatment exposure. The most widely used approach for reducing cont...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： McCann RS,van den Berg H,Takken W,Chetwynd AG,Giorgi E,Terlouw DJ,Diggle PJ

更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:The long-term effects of infant vitamin D supplementation and status are unclear since there have been few controlled intervention trials and these have been small and contradictory. The Delhi Infant Vitamin D Supplementation (DIVIDS) trial found that supplementation of low-birthweight term infants with one ...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Trilok-Kumar G,Kaur M,Rehman AM,Arora H,Rajput MM,Chugh R,Kurpad A,Sachdev HS,Filteau S

更新日期：2015-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Trisomy 18 (Edwards' syndrome, T18) is the second most common trisomy in man. We describe 118 children with regular T18 who were ascertained clinically and cytogenetically in the Kuwait Medical Genetics Centre during 1980-1997. METHODS:Ascertainment of T18 cases was performed shortly after birth. Chromosoma...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Naguib KK,Al-Awadi SA,Moussa MA,Bastaki L,Gouda S,Redha MA,Mustafa F,Tayel SM,Abulhassan SA,Murthy DS

更新日期：1999-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:This study aims to evaluate the contribution of the reduction in major cardiovascular diseases (CVD), malignant neoplasms (MN), accidents and AIDS mortality to the gains in life expectancy observed during the decade 1985-1994, as well as to calculate and compare the potential gains due to the partial or tota...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Conti S,Farchi G,Masocco M,Toccaceli V,Vichi M

更新日期：1999-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:The majority of tuberculosis (TB) cases in low-incidence countries occur in migrants. Only few studies have assessed the long-term TB risk in migrants after immigration, and datasets have not considered this across a range of diverse migrant groups. This nationwide study aimed to investigate long-term TB ris...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Kristensen KL,Ravn P,Petersen JH,Hargreaves S,Nellums LB,Friedland JS,Andersen PH,Norredam M,Lillebaek T

更新日期：2020-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:It is well established now that the incidence of schizophrenia is extremely high for several ethnic minority groups in western Europe, but there is considerable variation among groups. We investigated whether the increased risk among these groups depends upon the degree to which they perceive discrimination ...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Veling W,Selten JP,Susser E,Laan W,Mackenbach JP,Hoek HW

更新日期：2007-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The effect of misclassification by one-, two-, or seven-day food records on the apparent magnitude of results was quantified for two hypothetical models of association of diet with disease. For each of 106 women, classification to quintiles of intake was calculated from 37 to 72 one-day records and compared to classif...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Freudenheim JL,Johnson NE,Wardrop RL

更新日期：1989-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Evaluation of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) prevention strategies requires an on-going follow up of the frequency of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection. The aim of this study was to examine the trends in prevalence and incidence of HIV-1 infection among injecting drug users (IDU) duri...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Hernández-Aguado I,Aviño MJ,Pérez-Hoyos S,González-Aracil J,Ruiz-Pérez I,Torrella A,García de la Hera M,Belda F,Fernández E,Santos C,Trullen J,Fenosa A

更新日期：1999-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:The substantial disease burden attributed to heat waves, and their increasing frequency and intensity due to climate change, highlight the importance of understanding the health consequences of heat waves. We explore the mortality risk due to heat wave characteristics, including the timing in the seasons, th...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Sun Z,Chen C,Yan M,Shi W,Wang J,Ban J,Sun Q,He MZ,Li T

更新日期：2021-01-23 00:00:00

abstract：:Students in their second year of medical studies perceived nutritional deficiency as a possible health problem in rural Nigeria and conducted a survey to investigate and compare the nutritional and health status of three distinct groups of children (Bokos in Babana, Bokos in Marami, Fulani). The nutritional status of ...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Bollag U,Bennike T,Adigun CA,Agwu NI,Awobusuyi JO,Awolola KA,Chukwumweike MO,Nwosu IA,Ukpeh HA

更新日期：1980-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：BACKGROUND:Small-for-gestational-age (SGA) birth is commonly used as a proxy for fetal growth restriction, but also includes constitutionally small infants. Genetic factors account for almost half of the risk of SGA birth. We estimated perinatal risks of SGA birth using both population-based and within-sibling analyses...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Cnattingius S,Kramer MS,Norman M,Ludvigsson JF,Fang F,Lu D

更新日期：2019-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Aetiology confronts two distinct issues: the determinants of individual cases, and the determinants of incidence rate. If exposure to a necessary agent is homogeneous within a population, then case/control and cohort methods will fail to detect it: they will only identify markers of susceptibility. The corresponding s...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Rose G

更新日期：1985-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Interrupted time series designs are a valuable quasi-experimental approach for evaluating public health interventions. Interrupted time series extends a single group pre-post comparison by using multiple time points to control for underlying trends. But history bias-confounding by unexpected events occurring at the sa...

journal_title：International journal of epidemiology

authors： Degli Esposti M,Spreckelsen T,Gasparrini A,Wiebe DJ,Bonander C,Yakubovich AR,Humphreys DK

更新日期：2021-01-23 00:00:00