Abstract：
:What makes reproductive technology unique is that it is in the forefront of creating human life, with an emphasis on 'giving'. Not surprisingly therefore, a significant appeal to altruism has crept into the language of reproductive technologies. If altruistic donations and behaviour involving reproductive technologies are to be encouraged we need to have a uniform understanding of the terminology. For this we need to explore how the term altruism has been used historically and is being used in modern language. It is also important to acknowledge that gender differences may influence altruistic behaviour. The suggested working definition for altruism has three major components; a motivational state, an ultimate goal and a desire to increase another's welfare. Within this framework definition, self-benefit is permissible provided the ultimate goal is not self-benefit. Altruistic donation is possible provided receiving money is not the primary motive. It is important in our efforts to improve the quality of donor and donations, which are central to assisted reproductive technologies, that any reference to altruism be restricted to the situation where only the ultimate goal, with a single motive, can be discerned. The success of recruiting altruistic donors will inevitably be associated with the attitudes and structures in which reproductive technologists operate. Through such transparency it is hoped more effective control will be achieved for donors over their donations. Irrespective of the setting, a true measure of an altruistic donation or behaviour can only be assessed by giving consideration to the primary motivational state, ultimate goal and benefit to another's welfare.
journal_name
Reprod Biomed Onlinejournal_title
Reproductive biomedicine onlineauthors
Bahadur Gkeywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2001-01-01 00:00:00pages
155-159issue
3eissn
1472-6483issn
1472-6491journal_volume
2pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:The techniques currently used to treat infertility cases are quite limited in their capabilities, due to an incomplete understanding of the molecular activities of germ cells. Fortunately, several technologies are presently being researched that should aid the understanding of the various molecular causes of germ cell...
journal_title：Reproductive biomedicine online
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60372-0
更新日期：2007-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：RESEARCH QUESTION:A close association between Kisspeptin-1 (KISS-1) and reproductive physiology has been reported, but the results on circulatory KISS-1 are ambiguous in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to evaluate the association between KISS-1 and PC...
journal_title：Reproductive biomedicine online
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析
doi：10.1016/j.rbmo.2019.04.018
更新日期：2019-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Spermatogenesis is a critical process for maintaining male fertility. Sustained spermatogonial stem cell self-renewal and differentiation ensures constant spermatogenesis, and several signalling pathways regulate this process. An increasing number of studies have suggested that the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)...
journal_title：Reproductive biomedicine online
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.rbmo.2015.11.007
更新日期：2016-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Total fertilization failures (TFF) are rare events of IVF by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). When male factor is excluded, the lack of identifiable aetiological criteria raises the question of the reliable clinical management. The goal of this study was to identify molecular abnormalities in metaphase II (MII...
journal_title：Reproductive biomedicine online
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60404-x
更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Glutathione S-transferases are a family of multifunctional proteins involved in intracellular transport processes and drug detoxication. In rats, these enzymes are dimeric proteins, and exist as cytosolic and microsomal proteins. The affinity purified rat testicular glutathione S-transferases are comprised of four sub...
journal_title：Reproductive biomedicine online
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60499-3
更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The advent of vitrification has transformed the therapeutic landscape in assisted reproductive technology. Clear evidence for this is provided by the dramatic rise in the number of frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycles being carried out annually. In this review, we examine the reasons that underlie this trend and the cu...
journal_title：Reproductive biomedicine online
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.rbmo.2020.03.017
更新日期：2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：RESEARCH QUESTION:Are maternal concentrations of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) on a fixed day after embryo transfer associated with duration of pregnancy? DESIGN:A follow-up study of 1917 singleton pregnancies after IVF was performed. Embryos were cultured for 2 days and maternal HCG concentration quantified on d...
journal_title：Reproductive biomedicine online
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.rbmo.2018.04.048
更新日期：2018-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on mouse ovary heterotopic autotransplantation was investigated. Mice (age 4-5 weeks) were divided into the following groups: control; autograft plus NAC (150 mg/kg daily intraperitoneal injection) and autograft plus saline (n = 6 per group). Groups were treated from 1 day before u...
journal_title：Reproductive biomedicine online
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.rbmo.2014.09.013
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The dramatic increase in the incidence of high order multiple pregnancies that has occurred since the mid-1970s is due to three main factors: increasing female age at conception; increasing use of ovulation induction agents and the introduction of sophisticated assisted reproduction techniques. High order multiple pre...
journal_title：Reproductive biomedicine online
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s1472-6483(10)61854-8
更新日期：2003-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The expression of fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF-10) has not been studied in human ovarian cortical follicles. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of FGF-10 in preantral follicles from fetuses, girls and women. Ovarian samples were obtained from 14 human fetuses at 21-33 gestational weeks ...
journal_title：Reproductive biomedicine online
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.rbmo.2012.07.002
更新日期：2012-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To investigate the possible beneficial effect of a new stimulation protocol (termed 'CRASH') on the outcome of poor responder patients, a multicentre, prospective longitudinal study including a total of 36 women undergoing 72 IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles with patients serving as their own control...
journal_title：Reproductive biomedicine online
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi：10.1016/s1472-6483(10)61685-9
更新日期：2005-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：RESEARCH QUESTION:When and how does the gradual transition of the endocrine control of early pregnancy from the corpus luteum to the placenta, termed luteoplacental shift, take place? DESIGN:Prospective analysis of serum progesterone levels in pregnancies (n = 88) resulting from programmed frozen-thawed embryo transfe...
journal_title：Reproductive biomedicine online
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.rbmo.2020.01.019
更新日期：2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Caesarean scar pregnancy is a dangerous condition that occurs when an embryo is implanted in a previous Caesarean scar. This condition has become more frequent as a direct consequence of the increased number of Caesarean sections reported worldwide. Timely diagnosis of this condition is fundamental, and allows a conse...
journal_title：Reproductive biomedicine online
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.rbmo.2014.06.017
更新日期：2014-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:No single or multivariate model is effective for predicting poor ovarian response (POR) with satisfactory sensitivity and specificity. This study investigated whether dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) or basal testosterone concentrations could be effective predictors of POR defined by the Bologna criteria. This ...
journal_title：Reproductive biomedicine online
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.rbmo.2014.02.009
更新日期：2014-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Programmed cell death or apoptosis is an essential component of human ovarian function and development. During early fetal life approximately 7 x 10(6) oocytes are formed in the human ovary. However, the number of oocytes is dramatically reduced already before birth through apoptotic cell death. In reproductive life, ...
journal_title：Reproductive biomedicine online
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1472-6483(10)62052-4
更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In stimulated IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles, the luteal phase is disrupted, necessitating luteal-phase supplementation. The most plausible reason behind this is the ovarian multifollicular development obtained after ovarian stimulation, resulting in supraphysiological steroid concentrations and consecuti...
journal_title：Reproductive biomedicine online
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.rbmo.2011.11.001
更新日期：2012-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentrations decline with increasing age and constitute a sensitive marker for ovarian ageing. In addition, basal serum AMH concentrations predict ovarian response during IVF cycles. Concomitantly, oocyte quantity and embryo quality decrease with advancing age. Hence, it was postul...
journal_title：Reproductive biomedicine online
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60480-4
更新日期：2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection (IMSI) involves the use of differential interference contrast microscopy at high magnification (at least ·6300) to improve the observation of live human spermatozoa (particularly by showing sperm head vacuoles that are not necessarily seen at lower magnificatio...
journal_title：Reproductive biomedicine online
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.rbmo.2013.09.019
更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It has been suggested that during the past five decades human sperm counts have declined and the incidence of testicular cancer, hypospadias and cryptorchidism has increased. Furthermore, geographical differences, with respect to these markers of male reproductive function, have been reported. According to a recent hy...
journal_title：Reproductive biomedicine online
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60530-5
更新日期：2007-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Osteopontin and its receptor alpha(v)beta(3) integrin have recently been proposed as a major complex to promote embryo attachment, and thus they would be useful as markers of endometrial receptivity. In the current study alpha(v)beta(3) integrin and osteopontin expression and co-expression in in-phase and out-of-phase...
journal_title：Reproductive biomedicine online
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60146-0
更新日期：2008-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There has been little research on the views and experiences of non-biological parents of sperm donor children. This paper reports the results of a survey of non-biological mothers and fathers. An online survey was designed and conducted by the Donor Sibling Registry, a US-based non-profit organization that supports th...
journal_title：Reproductive biomedicine online
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.rbmo.2012.01.013
更新日期：2012-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The transvaginal approach to tubo-ovarian surgery allows easy and direct access to the tubo-ovarian structures and the fossa ovarica without additional manipulation. In the absence of a panoramic view, the proximity of the tubo-ovarian structures allows operative procedures for treatment of superficial and cystic ovar...
journal_title：Reproductive biomedicine online
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s1472-6483(12)60121-7
更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of this retrospective study was to determine whether pituitary down-regulation after gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogue (GnRHa) administration can be accurately predicted by transvaginal ultrasonographic measurement of endometrial thickness in the presence of menstruation. All cycles of an IVF/intracytop...
journal_title：Reproductive biomedicine online
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s1472-6483(10)61109-1
更新日期：2004-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The association between polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and recurrent miscarriage (RM) has been long established, but the relative importance of this condition as a cause of RM is far from clear. Previous studies on the prevalence of PCOS in RM have been hampered by a lack of objective and universally accepted criter...
journal_title：Reproductive biomedicine online
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.rbmo.2009.06.003
更新日期：2009-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Anovulatory women can prove extremely challenging patients in the fertility clinic, particularly if they are unresponsive to standard protocols of clomiphene citrate. Katayama and colleagues now report (in this issue) an intriguing option, which yielded surprisingly high success rates in 16 selected young (age <36year...
journal_title：Reproductive biomedicine online
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.rbmo.2010.03.010
更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of treatments for women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) who ovulate on clomiphene citrate but do not conceive after six cycles. A decision-analytic framework was developed for six scenarios: (1) three cycles of IVF; (2) continuation of clomiphene citrate for six cycles...
journal_title：Reproductive biomedicine online
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.rbmo.2014.01.014
更新日期：2014-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study aims to compare a psychological evaluation test to classical psychoanalysis in infertile women. Two hundred women were submitted to the Psychological Evaluation Test (PET). The sum of the scores for the responses ranged from 15 to 60 points, with scores >/=30 points being defined as 'psycho-emotional maladj...
journal_title：Reproductive biomedicine online
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60492-0
更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists and antagonists have been widely used to prevent premature LH surge during ovarian stimulation. However, studies have shown a significantly lower serum oestradiol concentration on the day of human chorionic gonadotrophin administration for cycles using GnRH antagonist. T...
journal_title：Reproductive biomedicine online
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1016/j.rbmo.2010.03.017
更新日期：2010-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The fear that the ethics and practice of egg sharing will be undermined by the growing success of oocyte cryopreservation is not based on published evidence. Separate contracts and directed counselling of donors and recipients as required by law in the UK provide protection against potential pitfalls with egg sharing....
journal_title：Reproductive biomedicine online
pub_type： 评论,杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60997-2
更新日期：2006-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cell-free seminal mRNA (cfs-mRNA) contains testis-specific transcripts from bilateral testes. This study determined the presence of DEAD box polypeptide 4 (DDX4) in cfs-mRNA to identify and characterize the incidence of Sertoli cell-only (SCO) syndrome in men with non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA). DDX4 cfs-mRNA was d...
journal_title：Reproductive biomedicine online
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.rbmo.2016.05.001
更新日期：2016-08-01 00:00:00
