Abstract:
:Individual risk of toxicity or cancer reflects the amount of exposure to environmental agents, combined with one's underlying genetic predisposition. More than six dozen human ecogenetic polymorphisms have been described; whereas some of these have been demonstrated to be associated with altered risks of toxicity or cancer, others presently remain equivocal and require further study. Thus, genetic differences in the regulation, expression and activity of "environmental susceptibility genes" can be decisive in defining susceptibility to toxicity or cancer. "Drug-metabolizing enzymes" (DMEs) are regarded as one class of environmental susceptibility genes. DME genes have actually existed on this planet for more than 2.5 billion years, and might more appropriately be named "effector-metabolizing enzymes." Receptors controlling DME levels have been called "DME receptors." DMEs have functioned in many critical life processes in prokaryotes and, more recently, in countless basic functions in plants and animals - events that evolved long before the existence of pharmaceutical companies and apothecaries. DME genes exist in every eukaryotic cell and probably in all prokaryotes. Virtually all environmental agents act as either agonists or antagonists - in competing with endogenous ligands that bind to DME receptors and/or competing as substrates for the DMEs. Over the past decade it has become clear that each of us has our own "individual fingerprint" of unique alleles coding for DMEs. The underlying genetic predisposition of each patient will reflect combinations of poor- and extensive-metabolizer phenotypes; if these enzymes cooperate in the same metabolic pathway for any given drug or environmental agent, such ecogenetic variability might be synergistic and lead to as much as 30- or >40-fold differences in activation or degradation. The end result can be large interindividual differences in risk of environmentally caused toxicity or cancer.
journal_name
Clin Chem Lab Medjournal_title
Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicineauthors
Nebert DWdoi
10.1515/CCLM.2000.124keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2000-09-01 00:00:00pages
857-61issue
9eissn
1434-6621issn
1437-4331journal_volume
38pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::We compared six routinely employed immunoassay kits: Architect i2000 and AxSYM, Abbott Laboratories; Elecsys 2010, Roche Diagnostics; ELSA, CIS-BioInternational; Immulite 1, Diagnostic Products Corporation; and IRMA-mat, Byk-Sangtec Diagnostica. Using all analytical systems, we measured identical groups of clinical sa...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2001.205
更新日期:2001-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Haemoglobin (Hb) variants are well-known factors interfering with accurate HbA1c testing. This report describes two novel Hb variants leading to inappropriate quantification of HbA1c by ion-exchange chromatography. METHODS:Glycated forms of novel Hb variants were recognised in the blood of two patients with...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/cclm-2015-0054
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journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/cclm-2013-0427
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journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2003.131
更新日期:2003-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
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doi:10.1515/CCLM.2010.256
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journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2011.139
更新日期:2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::An alcohol-associated change in the serum transferrin glycoform pattern, carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT), is used as a biomarker of chronic moderate to heavy alcohol consumption. A current limitation in CDT analysis is the lack of standardization, which hampers clinical and analytical comparison between studi...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2007.107
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2002.108
更新日期:2002-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2005.076
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/cclm-2015-1258
更新日期:2016-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2006.060
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:We aimed to investigate the prevalence of undiagnosed abnormal glucose regulation (AGR, including diabetes and prediabetes) in patients undergoing coronary angiography (CAG) by using both glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) to screen, and to compare the performance of fasting p...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/cclm-2014-0860
更新日期:2015-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/CCLM.1999.152
更新日期:1999-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Institute of Medicine (IOM) report, To err is human, galvanized a dramatically increased level of concern about adverse events and patient safety in healthcare, including errors in laboratory medicine. While a significant decrease in the error rates of clinical laboratories has been achieved and documented in rece...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2007.170
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/cclm-2015-0506
更新日期:2016-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2001.136
更新日期:2001-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Automation is considered one of the most important breakthroughs in the recent history of laboratory diagnostics. In a model of total laboratory automation (TLA), many analyzers performing different types of tests on different sample matrices are physically integrated as modular systems or physically connected by asse...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/cclm-2018-1323
更新日期:2019-05-27 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Point of care (POC) assays for cardiac troponins I or T (cTnI or cTnT) may accelerate the diagnosis of patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However, their clinical utility according to the 0 h/3 h algorithm recommended by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) for non-ST elevation myocard...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/cclm-2017-0486
更新日期:2018-03-28 00:00:00
abstract::Removal of low molecular weight proteins from plasma by kidneys depends on glomerular filtration rate (GFR), protein-glomerular membrane electric charge, steric interactions and a number of functionally active nephrons present in the kidneys. There is a well documented relationship between the concentration of low mol...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2004.051
更新日期:2004-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are believed to be important in brain development and repair following neuronal damage. It is also speculated that IGFs are involved in the association of foetal and pre-adult growth with schizophrenia (SZ). METHODS:The aim of this study was to assess levels of IGF-I, IGF-...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2007.265
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive α-fetoprotein (AFP-L3) and des-γ-carboxy prothrombin (DCP) have been routinely used as serological tumor markers of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) for surveillance. The aims of this study were: (i) to determine the biological variation of AFP-L3 and DCP in patients with chr...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/cclm-2011-0912
更新日期:2012-03-06 00:00:00
abstract:UNLABELLED:The pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) is a complex process in which atherosclerosis and inflammation play a leading role. Cytokines are important mediators of both processes. The aim of our study was to determine whether plasma levels of cytokines which are most involved in AAA pathogenesis ca...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2000.178
更新日期:2000-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The importance of nutrition factors such as calcium, vitamin D and vitamin K for the integrity of the skeleton is well known. Moreover, bone health is positively influenced by certain elements (e.g., zinc, copper, fluorine, manganese, magnesium, iron and boron). Deficiency of these elements slows down the increase of ...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1515/cclm-2012-0868
更新日期:2013-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The clinical usefulness of C-reactive protein (CRP) and of transthyretin (TTR) for the early diagnosis and follow-up of infection after an open fracture was prospectively investigated (cohort A). It was complemented by a retrospective study of trauma patients admitted to an intensive care unit (cohort B). Serial deter...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2002.230
更新日期:2002-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Adequate volume loading may be the most important step in the treatment of patients with septic shock. Techniques allowing us to achieve and tightly control volume loading and regional perfusion are considered to be helpful. An elevated oxygen delivery may be beneficial in some patients but the increase of oxygen deli...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1515/CCLM.1999.056
更新日期:1999-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:PURPOSE:Mechanical manipulation of the prostate is a generally accepted interfering factor for the measurement of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). However, only few studies have focused on common daily mechanical manipulations, such as bicycle riding. Furthermore, physical exercise is also supposed to modulate PSA seru...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2004.061
更新日期:2004-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Reduced and total homocysteine, cysteine, glutathione and cysteinylglycine in plasma were investigated in 19 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and in 29 healthy subjects. The purpose was to examine the influence of pro-oxidant activity caused by the lung disease on the metabolism of homocysteine and ...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.1515/CCLM.2001.036
更新日期:2001-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Winning a Nobel Prize is a great personal achievement. Some Nobel laureates may consider that their award is a certificate of competence in any field. This may prompt them to undertake projects or accept positions which are beyond their capabilities. Since Nobels are awarded when the laureates have usually passed thei...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/cclm-2013-0273
更新日期:2013-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/cclm-2018-0077
更新日期:2018-12-19 00:00:00
abstract::In our efforts to develop diagnostic tests for complex multifactorial disorders, and to assist the research community in evaluating genetic markers for predisposition to cardiovascular disease, we have developed a prototype assay to genotype up to 35 variable sites among 15 genes. The candidate markers in this panel w...
journal_title:Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1515/CCLM.1998.096
更新日期:1998-08-01 00:00:00