Abstract:
:Escherichia coli is a widely utilized indicator of the sanitary quality of bivalve molluscan shellfish sold for human consumption. However, it is now well documented that shellfish that meet the E. coli standards for human consumption may contain human enteric viruses that cause gastroenteritis and hepatitis. In this study we investigated using F-specific RNA bacteriophage (FRNA bacteriophage) to indicate the likely presence of such viruses in shellfish sold for consumption. FRNA bacteriophage and E. coli levels were determined over a 2-year period for oysters (Crassostrea gigas) harvested from four commercial sites chosen to represent various degrees of sewage pollution. Three sites were classified as category B sites under the relevant European Community (EC) Directive (91/492), which required purification (depuration) of oysters from these sites before sale. One site was classified as a category A site, and oysters from this site could be sold directly without further processing. Samples were tested at the point of sale following commercial processing and packaging. All of the shellfish complied with the mandatory EC E. coli standard (less than 230 per 100 g of shellfish flesh), and the levels of contamination for more than 90% of the shellfish were at or below the level of sensitivity of the assay (20 E. coli MPN per 100 g), which indicated good quality based on this criterion. In contrast, FRNA bacteriophage were frequently detected at levels that exceeded 1,000 PFU per 100 g. High levels of FRNA bacteriophage contamination were strongly associated with harvest area fecal pollution and with shellfish-associated disease outbreaks. Interestingly, FRNA bacteriophage contamination exhibited a marked seasonal trend that was consistent with the trend of oyster-associated gastroenteritis in the United Kingdom. The correlation between FRNA bacteriophage contamination and health risk was investigated further by using a reverse transcription-PCR assay for Norwalk-like virus (NLV). NLV contamination of oysters was detected only at the most polluted site and also exhibited a seasonal trend that was consistent with the trend of FRNA bacteriophage contamination and with the incidence of disease. The results of this study suggest that FRNA bacteriophage could be used as viral indicators for market-ready oysters.
journal_name
Appl Environ Microbioljournal_title
Applied and environmental microbiologyauthors
Doré WJ,Henshilwood K,Lees DNdoi
10.1128/aem.66.4.1280-1285.2000keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2000-04-01 00:00:00pages
1280-5issue
4eissn
0099-2240issn
1098-5336journal_volume
66pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Biochemical and proteomic tools have been utilized for investigating the mechanism of action of a new Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain (SeITE02), a gammaproteobacterium capable of resistance to high concentrations of selenite [SeO(3)(2-), Se(IV)], reducing it to nontoxic elemental selenium under aerobic conditions;...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.00957-07
更新日期:2007-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::pAM beta 1, a 26.5-kilobase plasmid originally isolated from Streptococcus faecalis, was conjugally transferred from Streptococcus lactis to Bacillus subtilis. No conjugal transfer of pAM beta 1 from B. subtilis to S. lactis was observed. In addition, pAM beta 1 which had been reintroduced in S. lactis after cycling t...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.53.10.2458-2463.1987
更新日期:1987-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The S85 type strain of Fibrobacter succinogenes, a major ruminal fibrolytic species, was isolated 49 years ago from a bovine rumen and has been used since then as a model for extensive studies. To assess the validity of this model, we compared the cellulase- and xylanase-degrading activities of several other F. succin...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/aem.70.4.2172-2179.2004
更新日期:2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Stability of foreign DNA transformed into a novel host is an important parameter in decisions to permit the release of genetically engineered microorganisms into the environment. Meiotic instability of transformed DNA has been reported in fungi such as Ascobolus, Aspergillus, and Neurospora. We used strains of Gibbere...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.57.5.1423-1429.1991
更新日期:1991-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The degradation of p-nitrophenol (PNP) by Moraxella and Pseudomonas spp. involves an initial monooxygenase-catalyzed removal of the nitro group. The resultant hydroquinone is subject to ring fission catalyzed by a dioxygenase enzyme. We have isolated a strain of an Arthrobacter sp., JS443, capable of degrading PNP wit...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.60.8.3030-3032.1994
更新日期:1994-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum 39E produced a cell-bound cyclodextrin (CD)-degrading enzyme (cyclodextrinase). It was partially purified 205-fold (specific activity, 14.5 U/mg of protein) by solubilizing with Triton X-100, ammonium sulfate treatment, and DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B column chromatography. The enzyme activi...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.56.9.2941-2943.1990
更新日期:1990-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The antifungal activity of cecropin A(2-8)-melittin(6-9) hybrid undecapeptides, previously reported as active against plant pathogenic bacteria, was studied. A set of 15 sequences was screened in vitro against Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium expansum, Aspergillus niger, and Rhizopus stolonifer. Most compounds were hig...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.00711-09
更新日期:2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and vegetative compatibility analyses were undertaken to assess genetic relationships among 52 isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum of worldwide origin and representing race A, 3, or 4 on cotton plants. Ten distinct vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) wer...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.60.11.4039-4046.1994
更新日期:1994-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::A combination of inhibitors and carbon substrates was used to determine the relative contribution of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and fermenting bacteria to nitrogen fixation in a salt marsh sediment and on the roots of Spartina alterniflora. Because a lag period precedes acetylene-reducing activity (ARA) in amende...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.54.8.2031-2036.1988
更新日期:1988-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nitrogen and oxygen transformations were studied in a bioturbated (reworked by animals) estuarine sediment (Norsminde Fjord, Denmark) by using a combination of N isotope (NO(3)), specific inhibitor (C(2)H(2)), and microsensor (N(2)O and O(2)) techniques in a continuous-flow core system. The estuarine water was NO(3) r...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.58.1.303-313.1992
更新日期:1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The biosynthesis of the major carotenoid spirilloxanthin by the purple nonsulfur bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum is thought to occur via a linear pathway proceeding through phytoene and, later, lycopene as intermediates. This assumption is based solely on early chemical evidence (B. H. Davies, Biochem. J. 116:93-99, 1...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.00545-12
更新日期:2012-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::We report the construction of an Escherichia coli mutant that harbors two compatible plasmids and that is able to synthesize labeled 2-O-alpha-D-mannosyl-D-glycerate from externally added labeled mannose without the loss of specific isotopic enrichment. The strain carries a deletion in the manA gene, encoding phosphom...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/aem.69.1.233-240.2003
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The metabolic conversion of 5-methylfurfural and 2-methylfurfural to furfural by a methanogenic bacterium, Methanococcus sp. strain B, was studied. This bacterium was found to use methylfurfural compounds as a growth substrate and to convert them stoichiometrically to furfural. For every mole of methylfurfurals metabo...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.62.9.3483-3485.1996
更新日期:1996-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ursodeoxycholic acid dissolves cholesterol gallstones in humans. In the present study optimum conditions for ursodeoxycholic acid production by Fusarium equiseti M41 were studied. Resting mycelia of F. equiseti M41 showed maximum conversion at 28 degrees C, pH 8.0, and dissolved oxygen tension of higher than 60% satur...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.49.2.338-344.1985
更新日期:1985-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::A negative enrichment procedure was developed which was capable of isolating Legionella pneumophila directly from seeded air-conditioning cooling tower water onto laboratory media. This procedure was based on an 8-h incubation under conditions that were bactericidal to the indigenous water microflora but merely bacter...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.40.4.849-851.1980
更新日期:1980-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The pressure resistances of the spores of six Bacillus strains were examined at 5 to 10(deg)C and were compared with their heat resistances. The pressure treatments (at 981 MPa for 40 min and at 588 MPa for 120 min) did not inactivate the spores of B. stearothermophilus IAM12043, B. subtilis IAM12118, and B. lichenifo...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.62.10.3897-3900.1996
更新日期:1996-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::To produce high levels of β-lactams, the filamentous fungus Penicillium rubens (previously named Penicillium chrysogenum) has been subjected to an extensive classical strain improvement (CSI) program during the last few decades. This has led to the accumulation of many mutations that were spread over the genome. Detai...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.01561-19
更新日期:2020-01-21 00:00:00
abstract::To cause an infection, bacteriophages must penetrate the alginate exopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to reach the bacterial surface. Despite a lack of intrinsic motility, phage were shown to diffuse through alginate gels at alginate concentrations up to 8% (wt/vol) and to bring about a 2-log reduction in the ...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.67.6.2746-2753.2001
更新日期:2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Since their initial discovery in samples from the north Atlantic Ocean, 16S rRNA genes related to the environmental gene clone cluster known as SAR202 have been recovered from pelagic freshwater, marine sediment, soil, and deep subsurface terrestrial environments. Together, these clones form a major, monophyletic subg...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/aem.70.5.2836-2842.2004
更新日期:2004-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Starting with a strain of Bacillus cereus excreting about 40-fold more beta-amylase than does the original wild-type strain, we isolated, after mutagenesis with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, a strain designated BQ10-S1 SpoIII which showed under optimal conditions a further 5.5-fold increase in beta-amylase act...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.53.4.768-771.1987
更新日期:1987-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Diet is a major factor in maintaining a healthy human gastrointestinal tract, and this has triggered the development of functional foods containing a probiotic and/or prebiotic component intended to improve the host's health via modulation of the intestinal microbiota. In this study, a long-term placebo-controlled cro...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.00233-06
更新日期:2006-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Bacterial plasmids are fragments of extrachromosomal double-stranded DNA that can contain a variety of genes that are beneficial to the host organism, like those responsible for antimicrobial resistance. The objective of this study was to characterize a collection of 437 Salmonella enterica isolates from different ani...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.02228-08
更新日期:2009-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The ammonia-oxidizing prokaryote (AOP) community in three groundwater treatment plants and connected distribution systems was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR and sequence analysis targeting the amoA gene of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA). Results demonstrated that AOB and AOA numbers increas...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.00387-09
更新日期:2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Bacillus megaterium P1, a bacterial strain capable of hydrolyzing chitosan, was isolated from soil samples. Chitosan-degrading activity was induced by chitosan but not by its constituent d-glucosamine. Extracellular secretion of chitosanase reached levels corresponding to 1 U/ml under optimal conditions. Three chitosa...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.56.4.844-848.1990
更新日期:1990-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::An assay has been developed to detect bacterial glycosidases in colonies grown on the surface of agar plates. Advantages of this technique over previously described methods include elimination of the need for replica plating, better visualization of chromagenic reaction products, and a simple permeabilization step to ...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.47.1.208-209.1984
更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The plasmid profiles of 619 cultures of Bacillus anthracis which had been isolated and stored between 1954 and 1989 were analyzed using the Laboratory Response Network real-time PCR assay targeting a chromosomal marker and both virulence plasmids (pXO1 and pXO2). The cultures were stored at ambient temperature on tryp...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.71.12.7778-7780.2005
更新日期:2005-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The microbial production of biofuels and other added-value chemicals is often limited by the intrinsic toxicity of these compounds. The phasin PhaP from the soil bacterium Azotobacter sp. strain FA8 is a polyhydroxyalkanoate granule-associated protein that protects recombinant Escherichia coli against several kinds of...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.00662-17
更新日期:2017-06-30 00:00:00
abstract::This study describes the optimization of PCR parameters and testing of a wide number of microbial species to establish a highly specific and sensitive PCR-based method of detection of a newly emerged pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3:K6 strain in pure cultures and seeded waters from the Gulf of Mexico (gulf water). ...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/aem.69.4.2194-2200.2003
更新日期:2003-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Eight concentration and purification methods were evaluated to determine percentages of recovery of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts from calf feces. The NaCl flotation method generally resulted in the highest percentages of recovery. Based on the percentages of recovery, the amounts of fecal debris in the final oocyst ...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.65.7.2820-2826.1999
更新日期:1999-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Myoviruses and podoviruses that infect cyanobacteria are the two major groups of marine cyanophages, but little is known of how their phylogenetic lineages are distributed in different habitats. In this study, we analyzed the phylogenetic relationships of cyanopodoviruses and cyanomyoviruses based on the existing geno...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.02483-14
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00