Abstract:
:Combined effects of two drugs present simultaneously are usually expressed as summation, synergism or potentiation, and antagonism. When the sum of the effects of each drug present separately equals the combined effect of the two drugs present simultaneously, the action is called additive or summation. However, the expected value of the sum of each effect of drugs present alone has not been well defined. In this report, the thearetical value of the expected sum of each effect of two inhibitors is given and a graphical method is presented to visualize summation, synergism, and antagonism. The inhibitory effects of a dissociable local anesthetic, tetracaine, and an undissociable local anesthetic, benzyl alcohol, upon a soluble firefly luminescent system were analyzed according to the above theory. The results clearly indicate that the action of these two classes of local anesthetics is pure additive or summation.
journal_name
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S Aauthors
Kamaya H,Ueda I,Eyring Hdoi
10.1073/pnas.73.6.1868keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1976-06-01 00:00:00pages
1868-71issue
6eissn
0027-8424issn
1091-6490journal_volume
73pub_type
杂志文章abstract::We examined the distributions of short tandemly repeated DNAs (microsatellites) in nine complete microbial genomes (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Archaeoglobus fulgidus, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Helicobacter pylori, Methanococcus jannaschii, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, M. genitalium, and Synechocystis PCC6803....
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doi:10.1073/pnas.95.4.1647
更新日期:1998-02-17 00:00:00
abstract::Graphene oxide (GO), the main precursor of graphene-based materials made by solution processing, is known to be very stiff. Indeed, it has a Young's modulus comparable to steel, on the order of 300 GPa. Despite its very high stiffness, we show here that GO is superflexible. We quantitatively measure the GO bending rig...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1605121113
更新日期:2016-10-04 00:00:00
abstract::We report on the expression of thymidine kinase (tk) activity in synchronized populations of mouse cells that have been transformed to the tk+ phenotype with purified DNA from various sources or with metaphase chromosomes from human cells. The viral (herpes) tk gene is constitutively expressed but, in all other cases ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.78.2.1119
更新日期:1981-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::We present molecular dating analyses for land plants that incorporate 33 fossil calibrations, permit rates of molecular evolution to be uncorrelated across the tree, and take into account uncertainties in phylogenetic relationships and the fossil record. We attached a prior probability to each fossil-based minimum age...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1001225107
更新日期:2010-03-30 00:00:00
abstract::We demonstrate two kinds of visual stimuli that exhibit motion in one direction when viewed from near and in the opposite direction from afar. These striking reversals occur because each kind of stimulus is constructed to simultaneously activate two different mechanisms: a short-range mechanism that computes motion fr...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.86.8.2985
更新日期:1989-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the absence of any overt task performance, it has been shown that spontaneous, intrinsic brain activity is expressed as systemwide, resting-state networks in the adult brain. However, the route to adult patterns of resting-state activity through neuronal development in the human brain is currently unknown. Therefor...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0704380104
更新日期:2007-09-25 00:00:00
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1311818110
更新日期:2013-12-10 00:00:00
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2016-08-09 00:00:00
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.2434157100
更新日期:2003-12-09 00:00:00
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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doi:10.1073/pnas.122236099
更新日期:2002-06-11 00:00:00
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1009304107
更新日期:2010-10-05 00:00:00
abstract::The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin ligase that controls the degradation of substrate proteins at mitotic exit and throughout the G1 phase. We have identified an APC/C substrate and cell cycle-regulated protein, KIAA0101/PAF15. PAF15 protein levels peak in the G2/M p...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1106136108
更新日期:2011-06-14 00:00:00
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1108626108
更新日期:2011-08-16 00:00:00
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.89.12.5611
更新日期:1992-06-15 00:00:00
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.77.3.1501
更新日期:1980-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.73.11.3979
更新日期:1976-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Much experimental work has been devoted in comparing the folding behavior of proteins sharing the same fold but different sequence. The recent design of proteins displaying very high sequence identities but different 3D structure allows the unique opportunity to address the protein-folding problem from a complementary...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1201794109
更新日期:2012-10-30 00:00:00
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.93.20.11126
更新日期:1996-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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doi:10.1073/pnas.0812770106
更新日期:2009-03-10 00:00:00
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.74.6.2470
更新日期:1977-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
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更新日期:2015-03-10 00:00:00
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.93.21.11871
更新日期:1996-10-15 00:00:00
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1815014116
更新日期:2019-02-12 00:00:00
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.74.11.5091
更新日期:1977-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) defines a group of autosomal recessive disorders characterized by deficiencies in lysosome-related organelles such as melanosomes and platelet-dense granules. Several HPS genes encode proteins of unknown function including HPS1, HPS3, and HPS4. Here we have identified and characterized ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1532040100
更新日期:2003-07-22 00:00:00
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0800578105
更新日期:2008-04-08 00:00:00
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2020-10-13 00:00:00
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.94.17.8976
更新日期:1997-08-19 00:00:00
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:1989-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::A technique is described for isolation of plasmid DNA in closed and open circular double-stranded forms from bacterial cells, by use of ATP-dependent deoxyribonuclease purified from Micrococcus luteus. This DNase, acting only upon linear DNA molecules, degrades all bacterial chromosomal DNA extracted in the linear for...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.70.10.2884
更新日期:1973-10-01 00:00:00