Abstract：
:1. Ion gradients across the cell membrane are important for proper cellular communication and homeostasis. With the exception of erythrocytes, chloride (Cl), one of the most important free anions in animal cells, is not distributed at thermodynamic equilibrium across the plasma membrane. The K-Cl cotransporter (COT), consisting of at least four isoforms, utilizes the larger outwardly directed chemical driving force of K to expel Cl from the cell against its inwardly directed chemical gradient and has been implicated recently as one of the main Cl extruders in developing neurons. 2. Previous in situ hybridization studies have indicated widespread mRNA distribution of the neuronal-specific K-Cl COT isoform (KCC2) throughout the rat central nervous system (CNS). However, immunohistochemical studies have been limited owing to the availability of a more selective antibody to KCC2. The goal of the present study was to develop a new molecular tool for the immunohistochemical identification and neuronal distribution of KCC2. 3. Herein, we present evidence of immunohistochemical corroboration of the widespread KCC2 mRNA expression using a novel extracellular anti-peptide antibody directed against the second extracellular loop (ECL2) of KCC2. Immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescent labelling revealed widespread post-synaptic somatic and dendritic localization of KCC2 in multiple neuronal populations in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, brainstem, lumbar spinal cord and cerebellum. We also demonstrate that binding of the antibody to an extracellular epitope within ECL2 does not alter cotransporter function. In essence, the present study reports on a new molecular tool for structural and functional studies of KCC2.
journal_name
Clin Exp Pharmacol Physioljournal_title
Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiologyauthors
Gagnon KB,Fyffe RE,Adragna NC,Lauf PKdoi
10.1111/j.1440-1681.2007.04621.xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2007-07-01 00:00:00pages
566-73issue
7eissn
0305-1870issn
1440-1681pii
CEP4621journal_volume
34pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:1. We investigated the effect of exercise on plasma adrenomedullin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) concentrations and studied the relationship between these peptides and haemodynamic parameters in nine patients with old myocardial infarction (MI) and in eight normal subjects. 2. T...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1440-1681.1997.tb01194.x
更新日期：1997-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. Raised intracranial pressure (ICP) is a major factor associated with morbidity and mortality in patients with severe head injury. Identifying the mechanisms responsible for raised ICP may be difficult and, as a result, treatment prescribed may be non-specific and often ineffective. 2. Research aimed at obtaining mo...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1440-1681.1998.tb02350.x
更新日期：1998-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. Adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) administration to sheep produces a rapid adrenally dependent hypertension which is maximal after 3 days and associated with increased cardiac output (CO) and heart rate (HR), while calculated total peripheral resistance remains unchanged. 2. This study investigated the proposal that a ce...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1440-1681.1989.tb01611.x
更新日期：1989-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Doxorubicin (DOX) is the most commonly used anticancer drug; however, it has limited use because prolonged administration may result in severe cardiotoxicity. Simvastatin (SIM), generally prescribed for hypercholesterolaemia, has also shown salubrious results in the monotherapy or combinational drug therapy of differe...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/1440-1681.13071
更新日期：2019-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. Animal and human studies indicate that female sex hormones are protective against the development of coronary atherosclerosis. 2. Experiments on vascular smooth muscle cells suggest a direct effect of oestrogen on vascular tissue. Although oestrogen receptors (ER) in vascular tissues and an association between ER s...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1440-1681.1996.tb02775.x
更新日期：1996-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. In a controlled, randomized double-blind trial, 15 patients with essential hypertension were treated with enalapril 5-20 mg/day, or doxazosin 1-8 mg/day, during a 7 week dose titration phase. This was followed by 7 weeks of combined treatment with doxazosin and enalapril. 2. Blood was taken after a 2 week placebo r...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1111/j.1440-1681.1992.tb00456.x
更新日期：1992-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Heart rate recovery (HRR) describes the rapid deceleration of heart rate after strenuous exercise and is an indicator of parasympathetic tone. A reduction in parasympathetic tone occurs in patients with congestive heart failure, resulting in prolonged HRR. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, such as pyridostigmine, can e...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/1440-1681.12773
更新日期：2017-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. Effects of FR139317, an endothelin ETA receptor antagonist, on renal haemodynamic and excretory responses to acute nitric oxide (NO) blockade were examined using anaesthetized rats. 2. Intrarenal arterial infusion of NG-nitro-L-arginine (NOARG), the NO synthase inhibitor, at a rate of 40 micrograms/kg per min, prod...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1440-1681.1998.tb02229.x
更新日期：1998-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the context of the ongoing debate on the mechanism of blood pressure (BP) regulation and pathophysiology of arterial hypertension ("renocentric" vs "neural" concepts), attention is focused on the putative regulatory role of changes in renal medullary blood flow (MBF). Experimental evidence is analysed with regard t...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/1440-1681.13303
更新日期：2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. Stimulation of the mesolimbic dopamine system, by micro-injection of the substance P analogue [pGlu5,MePhe8,Sar9] substance P (DiMe-C7) into the ventral tegmental area induced a prolonged increase in blood pressure and circulating levels of vasopressin. 2. In the present study, this treatment produced a significant...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1440-1681.1998.tb02264.x
更新日期：1998-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. The effect of bromocriptine (a prolactin suppressant drug) on the serum levels of calcium was studied in the male rat. The drug was administered subcutaneously at a dosage of 100 microgram per 100 g body weight three times per day. 2. Chronic treatment with bromocriptine had no significant effect on the serum calci...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1440-1681.1978.tb00708.x
更新日期：1978-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Urapidil had blocking activity on alpha 1-adrenoceptors in the rat isolated caudal artery (pA2 congruent to 7) and in the anaesthetized rat. Urapidil had no clonidine like agonistic activity on alpha 2-adrenoceptors in preparations of the guinea-pig ileum (prejunctional) or dog saphenous vein (post-junctional). Urapid...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1440-1681.1984.tb00289.x
更新日期：1984-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The efficacy of streptokinase as an intracoronary thrombolytic agent is well-recognized. The effect of streptokinase, distinct from its thrombolytic action, on ischaemic myocardium distal to an area of coronary artery occlusion when reperfusion occurs has not been well-defined. In order to do this, myocardial creatine...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1440-1681.1986.tb02392.x
更新日期：1986-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Diabetes mellitus and depressive disorders are both common chronic diseases that increase functional disability and social burden. Cognitive impairment is a potentially debilitating feature of depression. Previous evidence indicates that the antidiabetic drug metformin could be suitable for diabetic patients with cogn...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1111/1440-1681.12265
更新日期：2014-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. The aim of the present study was to determine the brain sites mediating aspects of respiratory and cardiovascular control in adult humans using non-invasive functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) procedures, thereby avoiding the spatial and temporal sampling limitations associated with classic neural assessment techn...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1440-1681.1998.tb02240.x
更新日期：1998-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. The present study investigated whether the somatostatin receptor (SSTR) agonist, octreotide, could inhibit the activation of dorsal skin afferent fibres induced by local injection of capsaicin in the rat. 2. Single unit activity from Aδ mechano-heat sensitive (AMH; n = 41) and C mechano-heat sensitive (CMH; n = 30)...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1440-1681.2011.05542.x
更新日期：2011-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The purpose of the present study was to identify the differential proteins that synchronously change in urine and glomeruli and could be used to monitor glomerular lesions of IgA nephropathy (IgAN). The proteomes of urine and glomeruli from four IgAN patients who were graded III/IV according to the grading system of L...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/1440-1681.12733
更新日期：2017-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. It is a central thesis of this review that in clinical and experimental pharmacology and physiology the goal of statistical analysis should be to minimize the risk of making any false-positive inferences from the results of an experiment (experimentwise Type I error). 2. It is common in clinical and experimental ph...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 社论,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1440-1681.1991.tb01468.x
更新日期：1991-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. The worldwide epidemic of obesity in adults has been mirrored in children in developed and developing countries. 2. Central obesity appears to be driving a cluster of abnormalities often referred to as the metabolic syndrome. 3. The definition of the metabolic syndrome in children is not suited to arbitrary cut-off...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1440-1681.2008.04887.x
更新日期：2008-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. Intermittent bursts of activity are a robust feature of the discharges of sympathetic nerves. There are at least two major mechanisms producing such discharges: (i) phasic inputs influencing sympathetic circuits; and (ii) oscillators embedded within sympathetic networks. The functional significance of patterned and...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1046/j.1440-1681.2001.03414.x
更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. Ventilatory measurements and functional residual capacity (FRC) were recorded from anaesthetized rats and ferrets using a whole body plethysmograph. Simulation of aspects of human chronic obstructive airways disease (COAD) was attempted by making animals acutely hypoxic or hypoxic and hypercapnic by causing them to...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1440-1681.1987.tb02420.x
更新日期：1987-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. It has been demonstrated that blood pressure variability (BPV) is increased in hypertension and related to organ damage. It will be important to lower BPV in the treatment of hypertension. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of ketanserin, a 5-HT2A receptor antagonist with a weak alpha1-adrenoc...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1046/j.1440-1681.2003.03809.x
更新日期：2003-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. The aim of the present study was to assess the protective effect of Sargassum polycystum (sulphated polysaccharide) extract against paracetamol-induced DNA strand breaks and modulation of membrane-bound phosphatases, protein thiols and inorganic cations during toxic hepatitis. 2. Seaweed extract (200 mg/kg per day ...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1440-1681.2007.04539.x
更新日期：2007-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. NBPA is a derivative of 3-n-butylpathalide isolated from Apium granolens Linn. 2. At concentrations ranging from 6 x 10(-6) to 10(-6) mol/L, NBPA inhibited the L-type calcium current in guinea-pig myocardial cells and cultured human neuroblastoma cells. 3. At 10(-6) mol/L, NBPA markedly inhibited calcium-dependent ...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1046/j.1440-1681.1999.03144.x
更新日期：1999-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the usefulness and reliability of a portable indirect calorimeter (Metavine; Vine, Tokyo, Japan). 2. We measured energy expenditure (EE) of elderly people (n = 191) at nursing homes using both Metavine and an authorized indirect calorimeter (Deltatrac Metabolic Monitor; ...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1046/j.1440-1681.29.s4.6.x
更新日期：2002-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Accumulating reports have demonstrated that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical roles in the occurrence and metastasis of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). LncRNA myocardial infarction associated transcript (MIAT) has been widely reported in hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer and colorectal cancer, but the r...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/1440-1681.13283
更新日期：2020-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study hypothesized that different types of anaesthesia management would result in similar postoperative sleep quality. In this prospective single-blind investigation, 219 patients undergoing elective thoracic surgery were randomized into three arms: general anaesthesia, as the control group (group C); general ana...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1111/1440-1681.12530
更新日期：2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The P2X7 receptor is a ligand-gated purinergic receptor activated by extracellular ATP. The receptor is highly expressed in immune cells and in the brain, and, upon activation, the P2X7 receptor allows a cation flux, leading to the distinct activation of intracellular signalling pathways as the secretion of pro-inflam...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/1440-1681.13079
更新日期：2019-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of peripheral chemoreceptor activation on myocardial contractility in an anaesthetic-free decerebrated rat preparation. 2. In the decerebrated and retrogradely perfused working heart-brainstem preparation, we recorded phrenic nerve activity, left ventricular ...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1440-1681.2007.04699.x
更新日期：2007-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. Mathematical modelling is useful in pharmacology, allowing the investigator to obtain insights into the biological processes under study that may not always be intuitively obvious. Examples are presented in this review using the pharmacology of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) agonist xanomeline. 2. Xa...
journal_title：Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1046/j.1440-1681.2001.03376.x
更新日期：2001-03-01 00:00:00
