Abstract:
:Why do neurons have dendritic spines? This question-the heart of what Yuste calls "the spine problem"-presupposes that why-questions of this sort have scientific answers: that empirical findings can favor or count against claims about why neurons have spines. Here we show how such questions can receive empirical answers. We construe such why-questions as questions about how spines make a difference to the behavior of some mechanism that we take to be significant. Why-questions are driven fundamentally by the effort to understand how some item, such as the dendritic spine, is situated in the causal structure of the world (the causal nexus). They ask for a filter on that busy world that allows us to see a part's individual contribution to a mechanism, independent of everything else going on. So understood, answers to why-questions can be assessed by testing the claims these answers make about the causal structure of a mechanism. We distinguish four ways of making a difference to a mechanism (necessary, modulatory, component, background condition), and we sketch their evidential requirements. One consequence of our analysis is that there are many spine problems and that any given spine problem might have many acceptable answers.
journal_name
Front Neuroanatjournal_title
Frontiers in neuroanatomyauthors
Malanowski S,Craver CFdoi
10.3389/fnana.2014.00095subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2014-09-10 00:00:00pages
95issn
1662-5129journal_volume
8pub_type
杂志文章abstract::This study was aimed at mapping the organization of the projections from the inferior olive (IO) to the ventral uvula in pigeons. The uvula is part of the vestibulocerebellum (VbC), which is involved in the processing of optic flow resulting from self-motion. As in other areas of the cerebellum, the uvula is organized...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnana.2018.00018
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pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
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abstract::Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a valuable method for identifying discrete neurochemical molecules by the interaction of target antigens with validated antibodies tagged with a visible label (e.g., peroxidase). We have developed an immunostaining method that is highly sensitive in detection of neurochemical antigens. Ou...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnana.2015.00022
更新日期:2015-03-03 00:00:00
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journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章
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abstract::Subsets of GABAergic neurons are able to maintain high frequency discharge patterns, which requires efficient replenishment of the releasable pool of GABA. Although glutamine is considered a preferred precursor of GABA, the identity of transporters involved in glutamine uptake by GABAergic neurons remains elusive. Mol...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
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doi:10.3389/neuro.05.001.2010
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journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnana.2019.00074
更新日期:2019-07-31 00:00:00
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journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnana.2018.00030
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journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/neuro.05.001.2009
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journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3389/fnana.2014.00077
更新日期:2014-08-11 00:00:00
abstract::A key challenge in cortical neuroscience is to gain a comprehensive understanding of how pyramidal neuron heterogeneity across different areas and species underlies the functional specialization of individual neurons, networks, and areas. Comparative studies have been important in this endeavor, providing data relevan...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3389/fnana.2017.00011
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abstract::Rafael Lorente de Nó, the youngest of Santiago Ramón y Cajal disciples, was one of the last Century's more influential researches in neuroscience. This assay highlights two fundamental contributions of Rafael Lorente de Nó to neurobiology: the intrinsic organization of the mammalian cerebral cortex and the basic physi...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3389/fnana.2014.00147
更新日期:2014-12-03 00:00:00
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journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnana.2019.00037
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journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnana.2020.590011
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journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnana.2014.00011
更新日期:2014-03-11 00:00:00
abstract::Human inducible pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) hold a large potential for disease modeling. hiPSC-derived human astrocyte and neuronal cultures permit investigations of neural signaling pathways with subcellular resolution. Combinatorial cultures, and three-dimensional (3-D) embryonic bodies (EBs) enlarge the scope o...
journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnana.2019.00077
更新日期:2019-08-20 00:00:00
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journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3389/fnana.2016.00048
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pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnana.2020.00029
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journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnana.2015.00052
更新日期:2015-04-30 00:00:00
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journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnana.2018.00100
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journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnana.2017.00067
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journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2014-12-15 00:00:00
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journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnana.2012.00025
更新日期:2012-07-06 00:00:00
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journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2015-06-04 00:00:00
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journal_title:Frontiers in neuroanatomy
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3389/fnana.2015.00085
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